CATALOGUE OP THE SPECIMENS

ILLUSTRATING THE

OSTEOLOGY AND DENTITION

OF

VERTEBRATED ANIMALS,

EECENT AND EXTINCT,

CONTAINED IN

THE MUSEUM

OP

THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND.

BY

WILLIAM HENRY FLOWER,

C0N8EEVAT0E OF THE MUSEUM.

PART I.

MAN : Homo sapiens, Linn.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE COLLEGE ;
AND SOLD BY DAVID BOGUE, 3 ST. MARTIN'S PLACE, W.C.

StDCCCLXXlX.

nF.n LroN court, flekt street.

■9VAi. QOLLSGE OF FHYSICIAIW

AOCN.

•OURGE

PATH

PEEFACE. .

The first printed list of the Osteological Specimens contained
in the Museum was published in 1831. It soon, however,
became evident that a more complete catalogue was required ;
and at a meeting of the Museum Committee, held on the 6th of
January, 1842, Professor Owen, then Conservator of the Museum,
presented a report " On the advantages of combining the Fossil
and Recent Osteological Specimens in one Catalogue and
system of arrangement;" and at a meeting on the 8th of
February of the same year it was resolved, in pursuance of the
authority given to the Committee by the Council, that the fossil
and recent osteology be incorporated in one series, and the
Catalogue be prepared in accordance with this view.

For some motive not explained upon the Minutes, the method
of arrangement approved by the Committee and Council, and
which had been recommended with much urgency and excellent
reasoning by the Conservator, was not carried out. The spe-
cimens continued to be divided primarily, not according to

their zoological or anatomical relations, but by a most incon-

a2

iv

PREFACE.

venient and artificial system, according as the animals from
which they were derived lived before or after a particular period
of the world's history. Hence each series was incomplete,
and required reference to the other for its perfect illustration
and comprehension.

In 1845 the ' Catalogue of Fossil Remains of Mammalia and
Aves ' appeared, in 1853 the ' Catalogue of the Osteological
Series ' (comprising only the specimens of existing species),
and in 1854 the ' Catalogue of Fossil Remains of Reptilia and
Pisces.'

These very valuable and detailed Catalogues, for which the
Museum was indebted to the assiduous labours of Professor
Owen, are, owing to the numerous additions made to the
collection, as well as to the advances in zoological classification
since their publication, gi'adually ceasing to fulfil the present
requirements of the Museum; and the necessity for new ones
is becoming obvious to every one engaged in studying the
collection. The desirability of returning to the resolution of
the Committee of 1842 is also continually becoming more
evident.

It is always difficult, in the case of a growing collection,
to fix the best time to print a Catalogue, as it is necessary
to choose between the danger, on the one hand, of incurring
much labour and expense in the production of a publication
which may before long require to be superseded, and, on the
other, of allowing the interests of the collection and of the
workers in it to suffer by the condition of confusion into which
it necessarily falls when a vast quantity of new material has

PKEFACE.

V

been incorporated into a framework not sufficiently compre-
hensive or elastic to adapt itself to its reception.

Under the circumstances, the best principle fippearcd to be
not to attempt, with the present greatly enlarged collection, to
give a minute description of every individual specimen, as had
previously been done but rather to aim at making a complete
list of the contents of this department of the Museum, arranged
upon a system which should combine modern scientific views of
classification with convenience of reference and capability of ex-
tension, and to pay great attention to accui*acy of nomenclature,
and especially to the preservation of every record relating to the
history and authenticity of each specimen, laying stress on all
particulars which are not to be seen in the specimen itself, rather
than on those which can at any time readily be found there. To
do this a very great amount of time has been consumed in
searching through old documents, letters, and publications,
though often with little visible result; and, notwithstanding
all the pains taken, some specimens will be found in the
Catalogue, received into the collection in former times, the
history of which is doubtful or unknown.

That the value of the former full descriptions may be retained,
references will be given in the new Catalogue to its predecessors
in all instances of specimens mentioned in them.

As the additions to the collection have been especially
numerous among the specimens illustrating the anatomy of
Man and the higher forms of Vertebrates, it has been con-
sidered advisable to reverse the order of the last Catalogue,
and commence at the higher instead of the lower end of

vi

rREFACE.

the series. The first portion will relate to the section of the
collection devoted to Hunaan Osteology, including the series
of skeletons and crania of the various races of Man ; and,
for the convenience of those who make this branch of the subject
a speciality, it will be issued separately.

Royal College of Surgeons,
September 12, 1879.

INTEODUCTION TO PAKT 1.

It lias been thought advisable to issue the portion of the Cata-
logue containing the illustrations of Human Osteology in a
separate volume, without waiting until the remainder of the
work should be completed, as, while the study of Anthropology
is continually attracting more and more attention, the former
Catalogue has ceased to give any idea of what the Museum
contains in this department, or wherein it is deficient. The
extent to which this portion of the collection has increased in
the last few years will be appreciated by the fact that of the
1312 specimens mentioned in the present Catalogue, only 345
are to be found in the edition of 1853. Of these, 113 are part
of the original Hunterian Collection.

The first section is devoted to the General Osteology of Man,
independently of peculiarities of race, and commences with the
development of the skeleton (as far as it can be illustrated by
dried specimens), and proceeds to the osteology of adult man in
the normal condition, or showing individual variations. To
draw a satisfactory line between such variations as may be
classed within the range of normal anatomy and those that
exceed this range and may properly be called teratological is
extremely difficult, as the distinction is a purely arbitrary one ;
but, in the case of specimens in a museum, it will usually be

viii

INTRODUCTION.

determined by convenience of arrangement. Hence some speci-
mens are included in the present series which might, in a
strictly scientific classification, more properly find a place in the
department of Teratology.

On similar grounds the subjects of the second principal
division of the Catalogue, illustrating Dentition, are included in
the present series and arranged with the bones. Although
neither morphologically nor physiologically forming any part of
the osseous system, the teeth are so intimately associated with the
skeleton (part of which is adapted to their support and moulded
to their form) and are preserved by the same processes and
under the same conditions, that it is impossible in the arrange-
ment of a museum to separate one from the other.

The third and largest section is devoted to the Special
Osteology of Man, or illustrations of those variations which have
become so fixed and hereditary as to give distinctive characters
to the different groups or races of mankind.

The arrangement of these specimens is one of considerable
difficulty, partly owing to the present state of uncertainty as to the
true classification of the varieties of the human species, and partly
owing to the numerous cases that have to be dealt with of mixed
or doubtful descent. It has therefbye. been thought that these
difficulties will be best overcome, and a place most readily found
for every specimen, without committal to any theoretical view of
its origin or affinities, by adopting (as in Dr. Barnard Davis's
valuable ' Thesaurus Craniorum ') a geographical arrangement,
and placing all the specimens according to the countries of which
they are presumably native. In a few obvious cases of trans-
plantation from one country to another inhabited by a distinct
race, this system has been departed from. For instance,
Negroes known to be of African descent but born in America
are not included among the natives of the latter continent, but
are assigned to the original home of their race.

INTRODUCTION.

ix

The boiindavies of the regions adopted do not always exactly
coincide with those of political geography ; and a considerable
concession to the claims of a classification based on physical
characters has been made in the general arrangement of the
series. It will be observed that the various regions of the world
have been so grouped as to bring together those that are mainly
inhabited: — (1) by the white or Caucasian races of Blumenbach,
including the whole of Europe except the eastern frontiers of
Russia, Africa north of the Sahara, and Asia south and west of
the Himalayas; (2) by the yellow and red Mongolian and
Mongoloid races, including the remainder of Asia, the Indo-
Malay Archipelago, Eastern Polynesia^ and the whole of America;
(3) by the Australians, a race agreeing with the following section
in every thing but the character of the hair ; (4) by the frizzly-
haired or black races — ^beginning with the Oceanic Negroes or
Melanesians in the widest sense of the term (including the
Tasmanians, Melanesians proper, Papuans, and Negritos of the
Andaman Islands), and ending with the natives of Central and
Southern Afi'ica, the Negroes, Kaffirs, and Hottentots.

Although the geographical arrangement has thus been made
to run in the same lines with some of the best-ascertained facts in
the zoological classification of Man, no attempt has been made
to draw the boundaries too minutely. Any serial arrangement
at the best can only be a compromise, especially in a collection so
imperfectly representing the numerous and indefinite gradations
of variation at present existing on the earth. Not only on the
frontier-line between the territories in which two different races
predominate, but far into the interior of each, mixed or even
pure specimens of other races are to be found. It must not,
therefore, be considered that any individual skull classed among
the inhabitants of a country mainly occupied by a particular
race belongs as a matter of certainty to that race, especially
when the history and external appearance of the individual
before death may be utterly unknown. It is, however, obvious
that the larger each series becomes, the less such accidental

X

INTRODUCTION.

intrusions will vitiate the results obtained by the system of
averages ; and hence the necessity of bringing together, in any
collection intended to advance the knowledge of physical
anthropology, far larger series than are at present available.

As regards the descriptions of the individual specimens, the
name of the donor and the date at which it was acquired are
recorded in every case in which they could be ascertained. It
is only with some of the older specimens that there has been any
uncertainty on these points. Such details are often of importance
in tracing the history or establishing the authenticity of
specimens which might, perhaps, otherwise be subject of doubt.
References are always given to any published descriptions or
figures ; and the number in the former Catalogue * (0. C, i. e.
Old Catalogue or Owen's Catalogue) is given in the case of all
specimens contained therein, that the full description in it may
be referred to, for which purpose copies of that Catalogue will
be retained in the Museum.

It has not been thought advisable to give such detailed de-
scriptions in the present Catalogue, as to do so with the largely
increased number of specimens would have greatly prolonged
the prepai'ation of the work and delayed the much-needed
succeeding volumes ; and the introduction of exact measurements
supersedes the necessity of the use of such comparatively vague
descriptive terms as "broad," "high," "round," &c. Certain
points have, however, always been noted ; to the following
explanation of which the attention of all who may consult the
Catalogue is particularly requested.

When the loAver jaw is present, the specimen is described as
a "skull ;" when absent, as a "cranium." When the bones of
the face are wanting, it is called a " calvaria."

When the sex is known from certain evidence, as from the

* ' Descriptive Catalogue of the Osteological Series contained in the
Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons of England.' 2 vols. 4to. 1853.

INTRODUCTION.

xi

history of tlio individual or the presence of the entire skeleton, it
is stated in full — " male " or " female." If only inferred from
the characters of the skull, it is indicated by the signs c? or ? .
When no such sign is appended, the characters are not sufficiently
distinctive to attribute it to either sex. A sign with a ? signifies
that the characters of one sex predominate, though not quite
decisively. These are points upon which other observers may
of course occasionally form different judgments from those given
in the Catalogue.

With regard to the important question of age, all skulls
in which the basilar suture is closed are regarded as adult ; and
whei'e this has not taken place the circumstance is invariably
noted, such skulls being regarded as " young," and excluded
from the average measurements given in the Appendix. Up to
this period the state of dentition is always mentioned, as indi-
cating the relative development, though without attempting to
give the age in years. Altliough in our own race we know
tolerably well what conditions of dentition correspond to parti-
cular ages, we have little proof that it is the same with other
races. Of the adult skulls, also, no attempt has been made to
assign the age ; but mention is made of all cases in which senile
changes have set in.

Certain points in the condition of the sutures, to which much
attention has been directed of late, have always been noted.
These are : — metojnsm, or persistence of the mid-frontal suture ;
the presence of interparietal or epactal bones, or unusual Wormian
bones ; and the contact of the squamosal with the frontal bone at
the pterion. When no note is to be found on any of these
points, it may be presumed that the exceptional condition docs
not exist. The small suj)plemcntary ossifications at the u[)j)er
end of the alisphcnoid, which may be called epipterics, being of
such great frequency, have not been noted.

All marked anomalies of dentition are recorded.

As many of the very convenient, and, indeed, indispensable,

xii

INTRODUCTION.

terms recently introduced (cliiefly by Broca) into craniology are
not yet familiar to all English anatomists, it may be convenient
to give here a short explanation of such of them as are used in
the present Catalogue *.

Fig. 1.

Side view of skull of male Australian.

A. Alveolar point. S. Subnasal point. K. Nasion. Op. Opliryon, or centre
of supraorbital line {Opt). Bg. Bregma. L. Lambda. O. Occi-
pital point, or most distant part of occiput from Op. B. Basion.
St. Stepbanion. Ft. Pterion. As. Asterion. Op O. Lengtli of
cranium. B Br/. Heigbt of cranium. B N. Basinasal lengtb.
B A. Basialveolar lengtb. iV^". Nasal beigbt.

The most important points for mensuration and descriptive
purposes situated in the middle line of the cranium, taken in
order, are : —

* For fuller explanations of tbese and otber similar terms, see ' Instruc-
tions craniologiques et cranio metriques de la Soci(5t(5 d'Antbropologie de
Pai-is ' (1875) ; also Topinard's ' Antbropologie ' (1876) ; and for still more
detailed reasons for tbe introduction of tbe new terms, " Notions compl^men-
taires sur r08t(5ologie du Crane, determination et dtSuominations nouvelles
do certains points de repere," by P. Broca (Bidletln de la Soc. d'Antbrop. de
Paris, Stance du 20 mai, 1875).

INTRODUCTION.

xiii

1. Alveolar point {A). The centre of the anterior margin of

the upper alveolar arch.

2. Suhnasal point or Spinal point {S). The middle of the

inferior border of the anterior nasal aperture, at the base
of the nasal spine.

3. JVasion, or N'asal point (iV). The middle of the naso-

frontal suture at the root of the nose.

4. Ophryon {Op). A point situated immediately above the

glabella, or, more exactly, the centre of the supraorbital
line, which, drawn across the narrowest part of the fore-
head, separates the face from the cranium.

5. Bregma [Bg). The point of junction of the coronal and

sagittal sutures.

6. Lambda {L). The point of junction of the sagittal and

lambdoidal sutures.

7. Opisthion. The middle of the posterior margin of the

foramen magnum.

8. Basion (B). The middle of the anterior margin of the

foramen magnum.
On the lateral surface of the cranium are : —

9. Pterion (Pt). The region, near the anterior part of the

temporal fossa, where the great vdng of the sphenoid, the
squamosal, the parietal, and the frontal bones come near
to each other in a varying manner in different individuals.

10. Stephanion (St). The point where the temporal ridge

crosses the coronal suture.

11. Asterion {As). The point, behind the mastoid process,

where the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones meet.

Sometimes a horizontal suture (traces of which are generally
visible in the skulls of infants), extending across the supra-
occipital, connects the asterion of each side. The upper portion
thus intercepted is called an interparietal bone. When a suture
on a higher level cuts off a smaller portion of the supraoccipital,
this is called an epactal bone. The former is a permanent
retention of an embryonic condition ; the latter a mere anomaly.

xiv

INTRODUCTION.

The measurements are all stated in millimetres, as being not
only the most convenient divisions of space for the purpose,
Init those used by the greater number of anatomists. In the
case of the height of articulated skeletons, English feet and
inches are added, to facilitate comparisons by those who are
more accustomed to such measures.

The length of all the principal bones of the limbs of every
skeleton has been given. In important specimens, or when the
lengths have differed sensibly on the two sides, both right and
left have been measured. When the length of only one side is
given, it is the right, and it may be presumed that the other did
not differ materially from it. The length given is always the
greatest length in the direction of the long axis of the bone,
measured between two plane surfaces placed one at each end of
the bone and perpendicular to the axis. In the tibia, however,
the spine is omitted, the length being taken from the middle of
the upper edge of the internal tuberosity to the apex of the
malleolus.

The measurements given of the skulls are few compared with the
number that would be required in a catalogue professedly descrip-
tive j but they are those which seemed, after much consideration,
to be the most important in indicating the general characters of
the head and face as revealed in their osseous framework. Great
care has been taken to ensure their accuracy ; in most cases they
have been repeated more than once, at considerable intervals of
time. Mathematical precision, however, is impossible in osteo-
logical measurements, as, independently of other difficulties, bone
varies in bulk according to surrounding conditions to an extent far
greater than is generally supposed. I have found by repeated
experiments, in confirmation of those of Broca *, that a cranium
Avill vary, not only in capacity, but as much as 5 millimetres in
its circumference, and a femur 2 or 3 millimetres in its length,

* " Etudes siu' les Propriet^s Hygrom^triques des Cranes consid^ri^es
dans leui's rapports avec la Cranioni6trie " (Revue d'Anthropologie, Janvier
1874).

INTRODUCTION.

XV

according as it is dry or damp, sl)rinkiiig when dry and expand-
ing when wot, the state of the atmosphere being quite snlficient
to affect it. This circumstance will doubtless account for many
discrepancies in measurements, and show that, although accuracy
up to a certain point is absolutely essential, excessively minute
measurements, and especially calculations of indices to numerous
decimals based upon such measurements, involve only waste of
labour and printing.

It may, however, be worth while mentioning, especially for
beginners, that in recording measurements of whatever kind it is
very important to put down, not the last, but the nearest unit of
measurement to the length of the object measured ; if, for instance,
it measures ten millimetres and any fraction less than a half, to
set it down as 10, but if more than a half, to set it down as 11.
Otherwise, in adding up a large number of figures there will be
sensible loss on the whole ; whereas if this is attended to, what is
gained in some cases counterbalances what is lost in others, and
the general sum is accurate — the more so, of course, the larger
the number of figures added. The same principal must be ob-
served in calculating indices. Whatever be the last decimal
figure used, it should always have reference to the next that
would follow. If this is below 5 no notice will be taken of it,
but if above 5 the last figure recorded must be augmented by 1 ;
thus •6789 must be abbreviated into "7, 'Q8, or •679, not into '6,
•67, or ^678. This rule has been invariably followed in all the
calculations in the present work.

The measurements of crania, except the circumference and
capacity, have all been taken with one instrument, a sliding
caliper, which combines the purposes of the French compas
d' e'pcmseur and conipas-gliasiere. It has been found so conve-
nient for all cranial as well as other osteological measurements
that a sketch of it is subjoined (fig. 2). The larger dimensions
of the cranium are taken with the curved arms, the smaller ones, as
those of the nose and orbit, with the shorter pointed arms. The

xvi

INTRODUCTION.

instrument can be made portable, the fixed arm, or that most
distant from the handle, being removable, and the sliding arm
following it ; both can thus be placed in a case by the side of

Fig. 2.

Oraniometer : one fiftli the actual size.

the stem ; but for museum or laboratory v\^ork the perfect stability
of a fixed instrument is preferable.

To avoid the labour of making innumerable calculations vnth
risk of error in every case, tables have been constructed for finding
the principal indices, w^hich are more convenient for reference and
more exact than any of the mechanical instruments devised for
the purpose. As such tables will be found useful by all who are
working at craniometry in this museum or elsewhere, they have
been printed at the end of the catalogue. The principal one, that
for the length and breadth indices, is almost identical with that
published by Welcker *, which was not known to me until after
the present one was computed ; but as that table is not at
present very accessible, and also contains several slight errors, it
has been thought that the reproduction of a similar one in this
work would still be acceptable.

In these indices three figures have been given, the last, how-
ever, as mentioned above, always modified in reference to the
one which succeeds it. These, as they stand, may be considered
as thousandths, but by placing a dot after the second or first
figure they may be converted into hundredths or tenths if desired.
The frequent practice in France of giving four figures for indices,

* Ai'chiv fiir Anthropologie, Band iii., 1868.

INTRODUCTION,

xvii

viz. hundredths followed by two decimals, appears to me to
be very unnecessary, and to give an entirely fictitious appear-
ance of accuracy, considering that the data from which the
indices are calculated are measurements which, taken by different
individuals or by the same individual at different times, rarely if
ever coincide with absolute accuracy. Indeed, for most pur-
poses, two figures are quite as likely to represent truthfully the
required proportion as three.

The measurements and indices selected for record in this
Catalogue are as follows, being distinguished by the initial
letter : —

C. Horizontal circumference. This is taken with the tape in
the usual way, passing in front round the supraorbital
line (above the glabella) and behind across the most
prominent part of the occiput (fig. 1, Ojp 0). It gives a
general idea of the size of the exterior of the cranium.

L. Length. Unfortunately craniometrists are not yet in accord
as to the best method of taking this important measure-
ment, which affects considerably the two following indices.
It is here always taken by placing one arm of the cranio-
meter on the ophryon, and the other on the most distant
part of the occiput (fig. 1, Op 0). The glabella, which is
properly a part of the face, and which may vary much in
development without any alteration in the essential form
of the cranium, is thus excluded.

B. Breadth, is the greatest parietal breadth.

Bi. Index of breadth. Latitudinal index or cephalic index.

B. X 100
L. ■

H. Height. Of the various methods of estimating the height,

the one here used is that generally adopted by the French

anthropologists — that is, the distance between the basion

and the bregma (fig. 1, B Bg).

, . , . , H.xlOO
Hi. Index of height, or altitudmal mdex. —

h

XVIU

INTRODUCTION.

BN. Basinasal length. Basion to nasion.

BA. Basialveolar length. Basion to alveolar point, or the

most distant part of the anterior margin of the alveolar

arch.

Ai. Alveolar index, "^"^j^^"*^^^. This affords the readiest

method of estimating the amount of forward projection
of the jaw. It is not always perfectly accurate, as
it is affected by any abnormal position of the basion,
independently of the real relation of the face to the
cranium ; but these cases are comparatively rare, and
scarcely affect large averages. Unfortunately, in crania
in which the incisor teeth have been lost during life
and the alveolar margin absorbed, the basialveolar
length, and consequently the alveolar index, cannot
be obtained. As will be seen in the sequel, this index
forms one of the most important characteristics of race.

Nh., Nasal height. A vertical line between the nasion and
the lower border of the nasal aperture.

Nw. The greatest width of the nasal aperture.

TVT- TVT 1 • J J^w. X 100

JNi. JNasal mdex. — Tr^^j .

Nh.

Ow. Orbital width. The inner point of measurement is the
spot where the ridge which forms the posterior boundary
of the lacrymal groove meets the fronto-lacrymal
suture. This is rather behind the dacryon of Broca
(point of junction of the frontal, ascending process of
maxilla, and lacrymal), and completely excludes the
lacrymal groove from the measurement. The outer
point is the most distant part from this on the front edge
of the outer border of the orbit.

Oh. Orbital height. The distance between the upper and
lower margins of the orbit at the middle.

The right orbit, unless injured or of abnormal form, is that
usually measured.

Oi. Orbital index.

INTKODUCTION. xix

Oh. X 100

Ow.

Ca. Capacity in cubic centimetres. Tliis is one of tbe most
important and difficult measurements. It is hoped that
the figures here given may be relied upon ; at all events
no pains have been spared to ensure accuracy, as far as it
can be attained. Many thousands of experiments have
been made to ascertain the best process ; and most of the
crania have been gauged several times over. The material
used has been mustard-seed, with which the cranium is
filled- to its maximum. The measurement of the seed is
then taken with the choremometer designed and con-
structed by Mr. Busk *. The accuracy of the method
has frequently been verified vipon crania specially pre-
pared, so that their capacity could be ascertained with
absolute exactness by filling them with mercury or water.
The details of the method of measurement, and the reasons
for the preference of this method to that which has been
elaborated with so much care and ingenuity by M. Broca,
will be given elsewhere.

At the conclusiorf of the Catalogue the average measurements
of each race are tabulated, so that they can be readily compared,
and some observations are made upon the results. These will,
I trust, serve to show that, although the measurements of indivi-
duals give great variations in every race, there are some tangible
characters by' which the broader divisions of the human species
can be distinguished — at all events, that certain characteristics
prevail in one, and certain others in a different race. If the
measurements given had been more numerous, probably many
other interesting results would have been elucidated ; but the
purpose of the Catalogue has been only to illustrate the general
outlines of the subject. The specimens which would be required
to demonstrate the subdivisions of the great groups, the cha-
racteristics of which can only be brought out by more minute

* See 'Journal of the Anthropological Institute/ vol. iii. p. 200, pi. xii.

XX

INTRODUCTION.

and complicated systems of measurement, are not sufficiently
numerous to give fair averages, and in many cases are entirely
wanting. It is hoped that the publication of this Catalogue,
by showing the deficiencies of the collection, will lead to many
of them being supplied by those who have the opportunity of
so doing.

Mr. Busk, Chairman of the Museum Committee, whose long-
continued and successful labours in the department of physical
anthropology are so well known, has been good enough to read
the proofs of this Catalogue while passing through the press.
Thanks are also due to Dr. Garson, Assistant in the Museum,
for similar aid, and to Mr. J ohn M'Ara, Museum Attendant, for
calculating the various tables of indices and averages.

CONTENTS.

I. GENEEAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.

Page

A. Development of the Human Skeleton.

a. Up to the time of birth 1

/3. Progress of ossification after birth 5

B. OsTEOLoex OF Adttlt Man.

Skeletons 6

Normal Crania 8

Crania of unusually large size (Megacephalic) 10

Crania showing an unusual development of Wormian or

other accessory ossicles in the sutures 11

Crania showing Metopism, or persistence of the frontal

suture 14

Crania the form of which appears to have been altered by

premature synostosis of some of the sutures .... 15

Crania presenting various other anomalies of conformation , 17

Preparations of Skulls 19

Pelves 20

Structure of different parts of the Human Skeleton shown

by means of sections . 21

Variations of the Human Skeleton in regard to Stature . . 24

II. DENTITION OE MAN.

Normal Dentition 27

Hunterian Specimens iUiistrating Dentition 28

Abnormal conditions of the Teeth . ., 38

xxii

CONTENTS.

III. SPECIAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN,

or Illustrations of the Osteological Characters of the
various Baces of Mankind.

1. Ettkope.

A. The British Isles.

a. England.

Page

a. Ancient British, or presumably ancient, though

of uncertain date 40

ft. Roman and Eomano -British 42

y. Anglo-Saxon Period 45

S. Of uncertain date, or Modern 47

b. Wales 61

c. Scotland 51

cl. Ireland 53

B. France.

a. Ancient 53

b. Modern 55

C. The Spanish Peninsula 57

D. Italy.

a. Ancient 58

b. Modern 63

E. Greece and the Ancient Greek Colonies

rt. Ancient 81

b. Modern 82

F. Central Europe (the Netherlands, Germany, and Switzer-

land) 84

G. The Danubian Provinces 85

H. Scandinavia 85

I. Russia 89

2. NoKTH Africa.

A. The Canary Islands 90

B. Algiers and Tunis 91

C. Egypt 93

3. Asia.

A, Turkey, Syria, and Arabia 101

B. India 103

CONTENTS. xxiii

Page

C. Ceylon Ill

D. Siberia and Central Asia 113

E. China 114

F. Formosa 118

G. Japan 119

H. Burmah 121

I. The Indo-Malayan Archipelago 122

4. Polynesia (including New Zealand) 127

5. Amdeica.

A. Eskimo ■ .... 138

B. West Coast of North America 143

C. Eastern and Central Kegions of North America . . . 149

D. Central America and the AntUles 152

E. Guiana and Columbia 153

F. Peru, Bolivia, and Chile 155

G. Patagonia 178

H. Tierra del Fuego 179

6. Australia.

A. North Australia 181

B. Queensland 185

C. New South Wales 185

D. Victoria 187

E. South Australia 190

F. Western Australia 194

Australians of unknown Locality 195

7. Melanesia.

A. Tasmania 198

B. New-Caledonian Group 204

C. Fijian Group 206

D. New-Hebrides Group . . 212

E. Solomon Islands 216

F. Papua, or New Guinea 217

G. The Andaman Islands 224

xxiv

CONTENTS.

Page

8. Apbica sotrin of the Sahara.

A. African Negroes of unknown Locality 229

B. West Coast of Africa 233

C. The Soudan and Central Africa 237

D. Eastern Africa 237

E. South Africa 242

F. Madagascar 248

Additional Specimens eeceited while the Catalogue avas

PASSING through THE PRESS 249

On THE Cranial Measurements as Characteristic of Eace . . 250

Table I. — To calculate Cranial Indices 258

Table II. — To calculate Nasal and Orbital Indices 262

Table III. — To calculate Alveolar Indices 262

COERIGENDA.

Page 10, No. 91, for Hi. 460 read Hi. 640.

„ 43, „ 303, for Ai. 97 read Ai. 970.

„ 100, „ 615, for Ai. 94 read Ai. 940.

„ 104, „ 631, for Ai. 100 read Ai. 1000.

„ 112, „ 677, insert Ni before 467.

„ 678, after BA. 93 add Ai. 1011.

„ 119, „ 715, for Oi. 320 read Oi. 820.

„ 120, „ 720, for cranium read skull.

OSTEOLOGICAL CATALOGUE.

PART I.

I. GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.

The specimens in ttis series are mostly from English or at least
European subjects, or of unknown origin.

A. Development or the Human Skeleton.

The structure and growth of bone generally, as far as it can be
shown in specimens preserved in spirit, is illustrated in the Physio-
logical Series, Preparations 112 to 220, described in the first volume
of the Catalogue of that series.

The following specimens only show the progress of ossification.

a. Up to the time ofbir'th * .

1. The skeleton of a foetus, one inch in height (about the end

of the second month of intra-uterine life). 0. C. 5814.
This specimen was originally part of the Sloane Museum.

British Museum. Purchased, 1809.

2. The skeleton of a foetus, one inch and three quarters in height

(between the second and third month). 0. C. 5815.

Hunterian.

* The ages assigned to these embryonic skeletons are merely approxi-
mate, and inferred from the state of development, no precise dates having
been obtained with the specimens. The heights are given from the vertex
to the heel, but, owing to the shrinking of the dried cartilages, are less than
would have been the case in the original condition.

B

2 GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.

3. The skeleton of a foetus, two inches and thi*ee quarters in

height (three months). 0. C. 581G. Ilunterian.

4. The skeleton of a foetus, slightly more advanced.

Presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1857 *.

5. The skeleton of a foetus, four inches in height (between three

and four months).

Presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1857.

G. The skeleton of a foetus, four and three quarters inches in
height, wanting the left arm (four months). 0. C. 5818.
Prom the collection of the late John Heaviside, Esq., F.R.S.

Purchased, 1829.

7. The skeleton of a foetus, slightly more advanced. 0. C. 5819.

Heaviside Collection. Purchased, 1829.

8. The skeleton of a foetus, five and a half inches in height (four

months).

Presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1857.

9. The skeleton of a foetus, six inches in height (between four

and five months). 0. C. 5820.

Heaviside Collection. Purchased, 1829.

10. The skeleton of a foetus, seven inches in height (five months).

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1869.

11. The skeleton of a foetus of the same size. 0. C. 5821.

Hunterian.

12. The skeleton of a foetus, seven and a half inches in height

(five months).

Presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1857.

13. The skeleton of a foetus, eight inches in height (between five

and six months).

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1869.

14. The skeleton of a foetus, eight and a quarter inches in height

(between five and six months).

Presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1857.

15. The skeleton of a foetus, of the same size.

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1869.

* The series of foetal skeletons presented by Mr. Mackmurdo -were pur-
chased by that gentleman in Paris.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKELETON. 3

16. The skeleton of a foetus, of the same size. Purchased, 1861.

17. The skeleton of a foetus, nine and a half inches in height

(sk months). 0. C. 5822.

Heaviside Collection. Purchased, 1829.

18. The skeleton of a foetus, ten inches in height, wanting the

right arm.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1869.

19. The skeleton of a foetus, ten and a half inches in height (six

months). 0. C. 5823. Hunterian.

20. The skeleton of a foetus, of the same height.

Purchased, 1861.

21. The skeleton of a foetus, of the same height.

Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1857.

22. The skeleton of a foetus, eleven inches in height (between

six and seven months). 0. C. 5824. Hunterian.

23. The skeleton of a foetus, twelve inches in height.

Purchased, 1861.

24. The skeleton of a foetus, of the same height.

Presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1857.

25. The skeleton of a foetus, thirteen and a half inches in height

(seven months). Purchased, 1861.

26. The skeleton of a foetus, fifteen inches in height.

Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1857.

27. The skeleton of a foetus, of the same height.

Purchased, 1861.

28. The skeleton of a foetus, fifteen and a half inches in height

(eight months). Purchased, 1861.

29. A skeleton, sixteen and a half inches in height, being that

of a foetus of nine months or a child at birth.

Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

30. A skeleton of the same age.

Presented by G, W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

31. A skeleton of the same age. Purchased, 18G1.

B 2

4 GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.

32. A skeleton of the same age. 0. C. 5825.

Presented hy Sir William Blizard, 1811.

33. A skeleton of the same age, eighteen inches in height.

0. C. 5826. Hunterian.

34. The separated bones of the skeleton of a child at birth.

Purchased.

35. The separated bones of the skeleton of an unusually well-

developed still-born male child, weighing ten and a
quarter pounds. Prepared in 1869.

36. The cranium of a child at or before birth. 0. C. 5827.

Hunterian.

37. The skull of a child at birth. 0. C. 5828.

British Museum. Purchased, 1809.

38. The cranium of a child at birth. Purchased, 1866.

39. The skull of a child at birth. Purchased, 1866.

40. The skull of a child at birth.

Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

41. The skull of a child at birth.

Presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

42. The skull of a child at birth.

Presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

43. The skull of a female child at birth, longitudinally and ver-

tically bisected. Prepared in 1869.

44. The skull of a child at birth.

45. A preparation of a foetal skuU. 0. C. 5882.

Presented by Professor Owen.

46. The bones of a foetal skull, separated and artificially con-

nected with each other. 0. C. 5880. Purchased.

47. The separated bones of a foetal skull. 0. C. 5881.

Heaviside Collection. Purchased, 1829.

48. Three portions of the vertebral column of a foetus. De-

scribed in the Old Catalogue, Nos. 5877, 5878, and 5879.

Presented by Professor Owen.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKELETON. 5

yS. Progress of ossification after hirtJi.

49. Tlie separated bones of the skeleton of a female child aged

fifteen months. The twelfth pair of ribs are rudimentary.

Prepared in 1864.

50. The articulated skeleton of a boy about two years of age.

0. C. 5830. British Museum. Purchased, 1809.

51. The separated bones of the skeleton of a male child, aged

two and a half years (slightly rachitic).

Prepared in 1866.

52. The skeleton of a child about eight years of age.

53. Tlie separated bones of a male child nine years of age.

Prepared in 1864.

54. The articulated skeleton of a boy about twelve years of age.

0. C. 5831. Bi'itish Museum. Purchased, 1809.

55. The skull of an infant about eight months of age.

Purchased, 1868.

56. The skull of a child about three years of age. All the

milk-teeth are in place ; the germs of the second denti-
tion are displayed. The basioccipital bone is wanting.

Presented by Joseph Hodgson, Esq., 1869.

57. The skull of a somewhat older child. A horizontal section

has been made through the calvarium.

58. The skull of a child five or six years of age, vertically and

longitudinally bisected.

59. The bones of the skull, separated and artificially connected,

of a child about seven years of age. The milk-dentition
and the first permanent molars are in place. 0. C. 5883.

Purchased, 1840.

60. The frontal, parietal, and occipital bones, or "neural arches
^ of the three posterior cranial vertebrae," of a child. 0. C.

5884. Presented hy Professor Owen.

61. The skull of a young European. 0. C. 5742.

The basilar sutxire is not closed. The second molars are fuUy

6

GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.

developed, but the posterior molars are not yet in place. The
left lower milk-molar is retained.

Hunterian.

62. The femur of a young person, longitudinally bisected, to

show the internal structure and the detached epiphyses of
the head, great trochanter, and lower articular extremity.
The epiphysis forming the lesser trochanter is partially
united to the shaft. Purchased.

63. A similar preparation of a tibia, showing the epiphyses at

both extremities. Probably from the same person as the
last. Purchased.

64. The pelvis of a young child.

Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esc[., 1867.

65. The pelvis of a child.

Presented hy G. W. Mackmxirdo, Esq., 1867.

66. The pelvis of a young person, probably female, in which the

three elements of the innominate bone have not com-
pletely coalesced.

Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

B. Osteology of Adult Man.

In this series are arranged specimens which are either normal
or show only slight individual peculiarities, i. e. deviations from
the normal condition not sufficiently marked to be included in
the Teratological Series*.

67. The articulated skeleton of a male European. 0. C. 5569.
Height 1715=5 feet 7*5 inches.

Clavicle 157, humerus 340, radius 256, femur 482, tibia 378.
Cranium : circumference 527, length 186, breadth 140, index
of breadth 753, height ] 31, index of height 704, capacity 1470.

Hunterian.

* For these see the ' Descriptive Catalogue of the Teratological Series,'
1872. It need scarcely be said that it is impossible to draw any definite line
between individual peculiarity and actual malformation. In arranging and
cataloguing a museum convenience in the disposition of the specimens has
often to be taken into consideration.

SKELETONS.

7

68. The articulated skeleton of a male European. 0. C. 5832.

Height 1732=5 feet 8-2 inches.

Clavicle 160, humerus 322, radius 248, femur 479, tibia 372.
Cranium : C. 543, L. 190, B. 142, Bi. 747, H. 139, Hi. 732,
Ca. 1620.

Hunterian.

69. The articulated skeleton of a Frenchman. 0. C. 5571.

Height 1698=5 feet 6-9 inches.

Clavicle 152, humerus 358, radius 254, femur 483, tibia 381.
Cranium : C. 543, L. 188, B. 152, Bi. 809, H. 125, Hi. 665,
Ca. 1550. The forehead is unusually low and retreating.

Purchased, 1844.

70. The articulated skeleton of a French woman. 0. C. 5572.

This and the last show well the differential sexual characters
of the osseous system.

Height 1582=5 feet 2-3 inches.

Clavicle 135, humerus 300, radius 229, femur 422, tibia 350.
Cranium : C. 500, L. 178, B. 130, Bi. 730, H. 118, Hi. 663,
Ca. 1210.

Purchased, 1844.

71. The articulated skeleton of an Englishman. 0. C. 5570.

It has twenty-five prsesacral vertebrae. The supplemental
vertebra has the character of a last dorsal on the right side,
and of a first lumbar on the left side.

Height 1807 = 5 feet 11-1 inches.

Clavicle 149, humerus 336, radius 253, femur 507, tibia 389.
Cranium : C. 510, L. 189, B. 138, Bi. 730, H. 134, Hi. 709,
Ca. 1485.

Purchased.

72. The left half of the axial portion of a human skeleton,

divided in the longitudinal and antero-posterior direction.

The proximal portions of the extremities are retained in this
specimen.

Purchased.

73. The skull, vertebral column and pelvis, in longitudinal and

antero-posterior section. Articulated. Purchased.

74. The separated bones of the skeleton of a male European,

(wanting the skull). These are all severally described in
the former catalogue, being numbered 5573 to 5707,

8

GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.

which numbers are retained upon them for the purpose
of comparison with the descriptions in that work.

Purchased,

75. The skeleton of an Englishman, aged 38.

The vertebral column, ribs, sternum, pelvis, and bones of the
right extremities are mounted in the " separate series " of homo-
logous bones.

Clavicle 148, humerus 337, radius 248, femur 439, tibia 378.

Prepared in 1863.

76. The separated bones of an adult male, complete except the

skull.

Clavicle 166, humerus 344, radius 255, femur 477, tibia 381.

Presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

Normal Crania.

77. The skull of an Englishman, d *. 0. C. 5733.

C. 546, L. 194, B. 144, Bi. 742, H. 139, Hi. 716, Ca. 1780.

Purchased.

78. The skull of an EngHshman, s. 0. C. 5734.

C. 520, L. 186, B. 144, Bi. 774, H. 130, Hi. 699, Ca. 1475.

Purchased.

79. The cranium of an Englishman, d . 0. 0. 5737.

" Skull of a young Englishman, who poisoned himself in the
Island of Pulo. Pinang " (Catalogue of 1831).

C. 473, L. 169, B. 127, Bi. 751, H. 126, Hi. 746, Ca. 1190.

Presented by Dr. Henderson, 1822.

80. The skull of a European, 6. 0. C. 5735.

C. 518, L. 183, B. 139, Bi. 760, H. 135, Hi. 738, Ca. 1510.

81. The skull of a European, c? • 0. C. 5736.

C. 487, L. 170, B. 137, Bi. 806, H. 132, Hi. 776, Ca. 1375.

Hunterian.

82. The cranium of a European, c? . 0. C. 5743.

The right posterior molar is obliquely placed within its alveolus.
C. 547, L. 195, B. 145, Bi. 744, H. 133, Hi. 682, Ca. 1710.

Hunterian.

* The signs J and $ are used when the sex is merely inferred from the
characters of the skull ; the words " male " and " female " when it is kno-wn
from more certain evidence.

NORMAL CRANIA. 9

83. The cranium of ii European, cJ- 0. C. 5744.

Prom a person advanced in years. The coronal, sagittal, and
lambdoidal sutures are partially obliterated. Both zygomatic
arches are curiously bent inwards near the middle of their
length.

C. 525, L. 188, B. 140, Bi. 745, H. 130, Hi. 691, Ca. 1500.

Hunterian.

84. The cranium of a European, ? . 0. C. 5747.

C. 518, L. 183, B. 135, Bi. 738, H. 115, Hi. 628, Ca. 1375.

Hunterian.

85. A cranium, attributed to a Chinese in the Catalogue of 1831,

$. 0. C. 5752.
C. 490, L. 178, B. 126, Bi. 708, H. 127, Hi. 713.

Hunterian.

86. A cranium, ascribed in the Catalogue of 1831 (ISTo. 93,

p. 16) to "a native of New Holland," but, as pointed out
in the Catalogue of 1851, presenting none of the special
characters of the Australian race : c? • 0. C. 5754.
C. 496, L. 175, B. 136, Bi. 777, H. 127, Hi. 726.

Hunterian.

87. A very brachjcephalic skull, c? .

C. 528, L. 173, B. 157, Bi. 908, H. 152, Hi. 879.

Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

88. A brachy cephalic cranium, c? •

The posterior half of the sagittal suture is situated in a lon-
gitudinal depression.

C. 527, L. 173, B. 155, Bi. 896, H. 134, Hi. 775.

Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

89. A cranium, J. 0. C. 5749.

The occipital region appears to have been artificially flattened
in infancy, perhaps unintentionally. The parietal foramina,
situated in a smooth depressed obelion, are double on both sides.

C. 490, L. 165, B. 147, Bi. 891, H. 129, Hi. 781.

Hunterian.

90. The cranium of an Englishman, in which a longitudinal

vertical section has been made passing through the left
orbit, for compai-ison with the crania of an Australian

10

GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.

(No. 5760 0. C.) and of a Negro (No. 5761 0. C), simi-
larly prepared. 0. C. 5762.
C. 516, L. 181, B. 138, Bi. 762, H. 128, Hi. 707.

Prepared in 1852.

91. The skull, said to be tLat of an aged female. Though per-

fectly edentulous, none of the cranial sutures are oblite-
rated. 0. C. 5886.

Probably the subject of the figure illustrative of the efiects of
the loss of teeth in both jaws, given by Hunter in his vrork
' On the Natural History of the Human Teeth,' pi. vii. (1771).

C. 498, L. 178, B. 132, Bi. 742, H. 114, Hi. 460, Ca. 1325.

Hunterian.

92. The skull of an aged edentulous person, ^j. 0. C. 5887.

The cranial sutures are very simple and partially consolidated.
C. 495, L. 167, B. 140, Bi. 838, H. 127, Hi. 760.

Hunterian.

93. The skull of a person who had lost all the teeth during life.

0. C. 5888.

The Cranial sutures are more complex than in the last, and
but partially consolidated.

C. 523, L. 190, B. 132, Bi. 695, H. 131, Hi. 689.

Presented hy Sir William Blizard, 1811.

94. The skull of a person w^ho had lost all the teeth during life.

0. C. 5889.

The cranial sutures are not consolidated, except at the
obelion.

C. 499, L. 177, B. 133, Bi. 751, H. 130, Hi. 730.

Hunterian.

95. The skull of an aged edentulous person.

The cranial sutures are almost entirely consolidated, and the
parietal bones are much atrophied.

C. 510, L. 184, B. 134, Bi. 728, H. 129, Hi. 701.

Crania of unusually large size (^Megacephalic).

96. A cranium (said to have been brought from India) of re-

markable size and weight, the bones being everywhere

CRANIA SHOWING INDIVIDUAL PECULIARITIES.

11

thick and massive, but with no signs of disease, past or
present : d •

C. 573, L. 206, B. 148, Bi. 718, H. 151, Hi. 733, Ca. 1830.

Purchased, 1862.

97. A cranium of still larger size, and with the mastoid processes

and the muscular ridges greatly developed : 6 .

The venous foramen behind the left mastoid process is un-
usually largo.

C. 577, L. 209, B. 150, Bi. 718, H. 140, Hi. 670, Ca. 1900.

Presented by II. C. Roods, Esq., 1851.

98. A very large and heavy skull, S .

The enlargement is chiefly in the parietal and occipital
regions. The facial bones are comparativclj'^ thin and light.
The sagittal and lambdoidal sutures are completely obHterated ;
the coronal nearly so. There is no evidence of disease of the
bones ; but the person to whom it belonged may have been
hydrocephalic in early life.

C. 605, L. 210, B. 168, Bi. 800, H. 135, Hi. 643, Ca. 2060.

Presented hy G. W. Machnurdo, Esq., 1867'

99. A very large, long, depressed, and broad cranium, ■ndth pro-

minent erect frontal region and comparatively small facial
bones.

The mastoid processes and muscidar ridges are feebly deve-
loped ; and all the general characters (except size) are feminine.
The peculiarities of form may be due to a shght amount of
hydrocephalus in early life, causing an even distention of the
cranial parietes. The squamosals almost meet the frontals at
the pterion.

C. 575, L. 204, B. 153, Bi. 750, H. 132, Hi. 647, Ca. 2075.

Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

Crania showing an unusual development of Wormian or other
accessory ossicles in the sutures.

100. The skull of a person of middle age who appears to have

suflfered in early life from hydrocephalus : c? .

There is great bulging of the lateral walls of the cranium and
of the squama occipitis, which has been forced away from the
parietals, and the interspace filled with irregidar Wormian
ossicles. The cranium is now dense and solid, and the coronal
and sagittal sutures arc completely obliterated.

12

GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.

As this and some of the following are clearly pathologically
altered specimens, the measurements are not of interest.

Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

101. A skull (said to be that of an Englishman) with a similar

but less marked prominence of the squama occipitis, and
with a very regular and nearly symmetrical development
of Wormian ossicles in the lambdoidal suture. 0. C. 5738.

There are also two such ossicles in the coronal suture (right
side), where they are much less common. The mastoid processes
are remarkably small.

Purchased.

102. The cranium of a European, with a similar prominence of

the supraoccipital and a development of Wormian bones
in the lambdoidal suture. 0. C. 5892.

The upper third of the frontal suture is persistent. The
squamosal sends a process to join the frontal on both sides of
the head.

Uuntei'ian.

103. A calvaria with a similar conformation of the occipital

region and an anterior projection of the forehead. 0. C.
5893. Presented hy Dr. W. E. Leach.

104. A skull with an abnormally prominent occipital region, in

which a horizontal suture, passing from one asterion to
the other, intercepts a distinct interparietal bone, which is
itself divided into two by a nearly vertical suture situated
to the left of the middle line : 6 .

There is also a large Wormian bone at the anterior end of the
sagittal suture, and a distinct ossicle (epipteric) placed above
the great wing of each sphenoid.

Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

105. A cranium with a very prominent occipital region, a single

large epactal and several small Wormian bones : d" .

The frontal suture is persistent. The parietal foramina are
both in the form of transverse linear apertures 6 millimetres in
length.

Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

106. The cranium of a European with a prominent occiput and

a beautiful and tolerably symmetrical arrangement of

CRANIA SHOWING INDIVIDUAL PECULIARITIES.

13

Wormian ossicles in the lambdoidal and hinder part of
the sagittal sutures : cf . 0. C. 5894.

Presented hy Sir William Blizard, 1811.

107. A calvaria with numerous Wormian ossicles in the

lambdoidal, and through the whole length of the sagittal
and in the left coronal sutures. Hunterian.

108, The base of a cranium, showing a remarkable complexity

of the lambdoidal suture.

,109. The cranium of an Englishman, with the sutures generally
simple, but with three large symmetrically disposed
accessory ossifications in the supraoccipital : 6 . 0. C.
5895. Presented hy Sir William Blizard, 1811.

110. An English cranium, with a central and a pair of lateral

large distinct ossifications in the supraoccipital : 2 •
0. C. 5896. Hunterian.

111. A cranium with Wormian ossicles in the lambdoidal, sagit-.

tal, and coronal sutures.

112. The cranium of a Hindoo child, with a central and right

lateral large ossification in the supraoccipital and a distinct
ossicle in the right side of the coronal suture.

The milk-dentition has been in place ; and the crown of the
first permanent molar is just level with the alveolus. The
nasals and basioccipital are wanting.

Presented hy Walter Cooper Dendy, Esq., 1869.

113. A cranium with two large Wormian bones in the anterior

end of the sagittal suture, besides three very symmetrically
disposed in the upper part of the lambdoidal suture : 6 .
0. C. 5753.

Hunterian.

114. A cranium with numerous Wormian bones and a large ac-

cessory ossicle (epactal bone) in the lambdoidal suture :
cJ . Presented hy G. W. Machmurdo, Esq., 1867.

115. A mutilated skull, said (erroneously) to be that of a Negro,

with well-marked independent ossicles in the pterion
(epipteric bones) on both sides. 0. C. 5369. Hunterian.

14

GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.

116. An elongated and remarkably low and narrow skull, with

an epipteric bone on the right side- 0. G. 5383.

C. 502, L. 183, B. 125, Bi. 683, H. 122, Hi. 667.

Hunterian.

117. The cranium of a new-born infant, with an abnormal median

ossification in the frontal suture.

Presented by Dr. G. F. A. Wilks, 1878.

Crania showing Metopism, or persistence of the frontal suture.

118. A metopic cranium of a European, with a somewhat pro-

jecting supraoccipital region : S . 0. C. 5745.
C. 550, L. 193, B. 147, Bi. 762, H. 136, Hi. 705.

Hunterian.

119. A metopic cranium of a European. 0. C. 5759.

C. 530, L. 178, B. 156, Bi. 876, H. 144, Hi. 809.

Presented by Sir William B lizard, 1811.

120. A metopic cranium.

C. 510, L. 178, B. 144, Bi. 809, H. 130, Hi. 730.

Presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

121. An edentulous metopic cranium.

Though all the teeth have been lost, and the alveoli absorbed,
none of the cranial sutures are obliterated.

C. 547, L. 188, B. 151, Bi. 803, H. 130, Hi. 691.

Presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

122. An upper portion of a metopic calvaria in which the

frontal suture is unusually denticulated.

123. An elongated depressed cranium, with a slight annular con-

striction of the coronal region : ? .

The bones are light and thin. AU the teeth had been lost
during life ; but all the calvarial sutures, including the frontal,
are persistent. The upper edge of both squamosals contam
several independent ossifications.

C. 518, L. 185, B. 134, Bi. 724, H. 118, Hi. 638.

Presented by G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

CRANIA SHOWING INDIVIDUAL PECULIARITIES. 15

Crania the form of lohich appears to have been alter^ed by
premature synostosis of some of the sutures.

124. The upper part of a calvaria, showing persistence of the

frontal and obliteration of the left half of the coronal
suture, with corresponding shortening of the left side of
the cranium. The sagittal suture is nearly obliterated ;
and ossification has advanced further on the right side of
the lambdoidal than on the left. 0. C. 5901. Hunterian.

125. A cranium, said to be that of a Scot, showing well-marked

" scaphocephaly," with complete parietal synostosis.
O.C. 5732.

The other sutures are not obliterated, except the lower ends
of the coronal and the apex of the lambdoidal,

C. 535, L. 198, B. 128, Bi. 646, H. 140, Hi. 707, Ca. 1530.

Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart., 1809.

126. A similar cranium, in which the parietal region is still more

laterally compressed and carinated.

The squamosals join the frontals on both sides. The basilar
suture is united ; but the posterior molars are not in place.
C. 537, L. 203, B. 125, Bi. 616, H. 132, Hi. 650, Ca. 1320.

Presented by F. Kiernan, Esq., 1871.

127. A similar cranium, said to be that of ''a Negro from the

Mozambique." 0. C. 5373.

The squamosals articulate with the frontals on both sides.
C. 490, L. 185, B. Ill, Bi. 600, H. 135, Hi. 730, Ca. 1190.

Purchased.

128. A well-marked scaphocephalic calvaria.

L. 216, B. 119, Bi. 551.

Purchased, 1854.

129. The cranium of a native Fijian, exhibiting a remarkable

degree of scaphocephaly, with complete parietal synos-
tosis, 6 .

Brought by the donor from Ovalau. See Journ. Anthrop.
Inst., Feb. 11th, 1879,

C. 562, L. 214, B. (frontal) 116, B. (parietal) 112, Bi. 524,
H. 150, Hi. 701, Ca. 1620.

Presented by Alfred Corrie, Esq., Surgeon R.N. , 1877.

130. A skull in which the sagittal suture appears to have been

prematurely obliterated.

16

GENEUAL OSTEOLOGy OF MAN.

The consequent deformity is less characteristic than in the
preceding specimens. The other calvarial sutures are becoming
consolidated ; but of the sagittal there is no trace ; and the en-
larged vascular foramina, so commonly associated with this con-
dition of cranium, are well marked. The specimen was obtained
by the donor in the Mauritius ; but the race to which it belonged
is unknown,

C. 500, L. 185, B. 118, Bi. 638, H. 129, Hi. 697.
Presented by Staff-Surgeon Robert Allan, H.M. Army, 1878.

131. A scaphocephalic calvaria, said to be that of "a Grentoo

from the banks of the Ganges." 0. C. 5557.

The bone, as is frequent in these cases, presents numerous
vascular foramina in the neighbourhood of the obliterated
sagittal suture ; and in this specimen the internal surface has
a very marked reticulated appearance, as if caused by a plexus
of vessels imbedded in it.

L. 195, B. 112, Bi. 574.

Brookes''s Museum. Purchased, 1828.

132. The greater portion of a cranium, consisting of the frontal,

parietal, and occipital bones of a child (" a Gentoo from
the banks of the Ganges") affected with parietal
synostosis, and of an elongated form, but differing from
the preceding crania in the extraordinary prominence of
the parietal eminences. 0. C. 5556.

The bone forming the groove for the lodgment of the superior
longitudinal sinus is reticulated by numerous channels for
blood-vessels, somewhat as in the last specimen.

Brookes''s Museum. Purchased, 1828.

133. A long and narrow skull, also said to be that of " a Gentoo: "

cj. 0. C. 5555.

It belonged to a powerful, muscular man. It presents con-
siderable resemblance to the last, though in a less exaggerated
degree. Though the cranium is generally narrow, the parietal
eminences are very prominent. There is partial parietal synos-
tosis, but affecting only the middle part of the sagittal suture,
and apparently of recent date. This is therefore, in all proba-
bility, not an illustration of the effects of premature synostosis,
but is placed here on account of its resemblance to some of the
preceding specimens.

C. 560, L. 208, B. 138, Bi. 663, H, 128, Hi, 615.

Purchased.

CUANIA SHOWING INDIVIDUAL PECULIARITIES.

17

134. A mutilated calvaria of very peculiar form, found in a

o-arden at Camberwell.

It differs from the scaphoccphalic cranium in the retreating
forehead, contracted coronal region, and groat elevation behind
the bregma. Though the lambdoidal and squamosal sutures are
free, the frontal, sagittal, and coronal are completely obliterated,
and the premature synostosis of the latter may have given rise
to the deformity. The superior occipital curved line and inion
are immensely developed.

L. 178, B. 138, Bi. 775.

135. A cranium affected w^ith parietal synostosis, occipital pro-

tuberance, and great and unsymmetrical elevation of the
frontal region. 0. C. 5891.
C. 520, L. 188, B. 137, Bi. 729, H. 150, Hi. 798.

Hunterian.

136. A cranium showing irregular consolidation of the sutures.

The lambdoidal, squamosal, and lower ends of the coronal
sutures are open, as is the spheno -parietal on the right side.
The left spheno-parietal suture is obliterated. The sagittal and
upper part of the coronal sutures are consolidated ; and the bone
around presents numerous enlarged vascular canals, and at two
spots near the upper anterior angle of the parietals is atrophied,
even to the extent of being perforated. Between these spots
there is a faint trace of the median suture.

Prom the Collection of the late Dr. BlundeU.

C. 520, L. 194, B. 133, Bi. 686, H. 139, Hi. 716.

Presented hy Dr. G. A. F. Wilks, 1878.

137. A small skull of a female European, compressed and ver-

tically elevated. 0. C. 5897.

It exhibits premature synostosis of the coronal and posterior
half of the sagittal suture. The lambdoidal suture is perfectly
open, and contains several Wormian bones.

C. 465, L. 166, B. 130, Bi. 783, H. 139, Hi. 837.

Hunterian.

Crania presenting various other anomalies of conformation.

138. A short round skull, with the frontal region extremely low
and narrow, possibly from the effects of artificial com-
pression in infancy, as in the ^'ddformation toulousaine.^^

a

18

GENERAL OSTROLOGY OF MAN.

The sutures are all partially obliterated, but only by the
regular and progressive synostosis of advancing age. The inion
is greatly developed.

C. 497, L. 170, B. 145, Bi. 853, H. 135, Hi. 794.

Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

139. The skull of an English child about seven years of age,

slightly plagiocephalic, every portion of the right side of
the cranium being in advance of the corresponding part
of the left. 0. C. 5904.

As the sutures are quite normal, the obliquity is probably
due to the position in vrhich the child was habitually carried
during infancy. The first true molars are nearly in place. The
basioccipital and the exoccipitals have become detached and
are missing.

Hunterian.

140. A skull with the left paroccipital process greatly developed

and presenting a flattened articular surface for the corre-
sponding transverse process of the atlas, c? •
C. 525, L. 176, B. 153, Bi. 869, H. 130, Hi. 739.

141. The base of a skull, with the atlas, of an Englishman.

The paroccipital process on the left side is a small distinct
tubercle ; but on the right side it is so developed as to
articulate at its extremity with the transverse process of
the atlas. 0. C. 5899.

Presented hy Joseph Toynbee, Esq.

142. A cranium having a flattened articular surface or " third

condyle " on the anterior edge of the foramen magnum.
0. C. 5741.

C. 480, L. 162, B. 142, Bi. 877, H. 124, Hi. 766.

Purchased.

143. A cranium, said to be "from Madagascar," but with all

the characters of the European skull. As an indi-sddual
peculiarity it exhibits an almost symmetrical pair of
tubercles on the inferior surface of the basioccipital.
0. C. 5902. Hunterian.

144. A mutilated cranium, preserved on account of the peculiar

conformation of the occipital bone, especially the great
development of the inion.

PREPARATIONS OF SKULLS.

19

145. The skull of a person advanced in lite, showing a remark-

able degree of platybasic deformity {" plastic deforma-
tion " of Barnard Davis), 6 .

Most of the molar teeth have been lost during life. All the
calvarial sutures are partially obliterated. There is much
lateral bulging of the squamosal region ; the bones generally,
but especially those at the base of the cranium, are greatly atro-
phied ; and the occipital condyles and anterior margin of the
foramen magnum are deeply sunk towards the interior of the
cranium.

The specimen was obtained in Paris.

C. 530, L. 184, B. 152, Bi. 826, H. 99, Hi. 538.

Purchased, 1878.

Preparations of Skulls.

146. The skull of a male Negro, aged 22, in which the slender

stylo-hyals, which had not yet become united by bone
with the tympano-hyal processes, are preserved.

Prepared in 1870, from a man who died in a London work-
house, of unknown history, but with well-marked Negro features,
colour, and hair.

Purchased.

147. A skull with a vertical transverse section passing through

the bones of the face.

148. A skull in various sections. The osseous labyrinth of the

ear is exposed on the left side. Purchased.

149. The bones of an adult skull, separated and artificially con-

nected together h la Beauchhne. 0. C. 5885, Purchased.

150. A skull similarly prepared.

Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

151. The separated bones of an adult human skull, with the

names attached to them by which they are usually known
in anthropotomy, and also those by which they are desig-
nated in general comparative morphology.

152 A to P. Fifteen preparations of the human temporal bone,
showing in various sections the osseous structures con-
nected with the organ of hearing.

Prepared by M. Vasseur, Paris. Purchased, 1862.

c 2 .

20 GICNERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.

153. A case containing eleven horizontal sections of the frontal

bone, showing variations in the condition of the frontal
air-sinuses, and their absence in infancy. The sex and
age of the individual from whom the preparation was
taken is marked on each.

154. A case containing ten similar sections.

155. A case containing six prepai'ations of the frontal bone to

show the sinuses.

The above were prepared by and purchased from

Mr. E. H. Willmot, 1858.

156. A series of twenty-two specimens of the human hyoid

bones, showing individual variations. The age and sex
of the person is marked on each bone in all cases in which
they are known.

157. Five specimens of the hyoid bones, showing various

degrees of ossification in the anterior arch (stylo-hyoid
ligament).

158. A completely ossified thyroid cartilage.

Pelves.

159. The pelvis of an English female, aged 19.

Prepared in 1871.

160. The pelvis of an English female, aged 27.

Prepared in 1875.

161. The pelvis of an English female, aged 34.

Prepared in 1877.

162. The pelvis of an English female, aged 48.

Prepared in 1878.

163. The pelvis of an English female, aged 49.

Prepared in 1876.

164. The pelvis of an English female, aged 55.

Prepared in 1875.

165. The pelvis of an English female, aged 64.

Prepared in 1877.

166. The pelvis of an English female, aged 66.

Prepared in 1877.

167. The pelvis of an English female, aged 69.

Prepared in 1876.

SECTIONS OF BONES SHOWING STRUCTURE. 21

168. The pelvis of a •middle-aged female.

Presented hy G. W, Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

169. The pelvis of an English female, aged 70.

Prepared in 1876.

170. The pelvis of an English female, aged 70.

Prepared in 1877.

171. The pelvis of an English female, aged 79.

Prepared in 1874.

172. The pelvis of an English female, aged 80.

Prepared in 1878.

173. The pelvis of an English male, aged 47. Prepared in 1878.

174. The pelvis of a male.

Presented hy G. W. Mackmurdo, Esq., 1867.

Besides the above, the collection includes a large nmnber of
the separate bones of the human body, showing individual varia-
tions, arranged in drav?ers in the Eastern Museum, and vv^hich it
has not been thought necessary to enumerate in this Catalogue.
Of these very many were presented by Gr. W. Mackmurdo, Esq.,
in 1867.

The following specimens, to No. 222 inclusive, exhibit the struc-
ture of different parts of the human skeleton hy means of sections.

175. A vertical transverse section of the human cranium. 0. C.

5766. Hunterian.

17 6. A right parietal bone, prepared by removal of the greater

part of the outer table to show the diploe, with its venous
sinuses.

177. The axis vertebra, vertically and longitudinally bisected.

0. C. 5767. Prepared in 1851.

178. The fifth cervical vertebra, vertically and longitudinally

bisected. 0. C. 5768. Prepared in 1851.

179. The seventh cervical vertebra, vertically and transversely

bisected. 0. C. 5769. Prepared in 1851.

180. A middle dorsal vertebra, vertically and longitudinally

bisected. 0. C. 5771. Prepared in 1851.

181. The twelfth dorsal vertebra, vertically and transversely

bisected. 0. 0. 5772. Prepared in 1851.

22 GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.

182. The second lumbar vertebra, vertically and transversely

bisected. 0. C. 5773. Prepared in 1851.

183. Tlie third lumbar vertebra, vertically and transversely

divided. 0. C. 5776. Prepared in 1851.

184. The fourth lumbar vertebra, vertically and longitudinally

bisected. 0. 0. 5775. Prepared in 1851.

185. A lumbar vertebra, with a portion of the body removed to

show its internal structure. Purchased.

186. The sacrum, vertically and longitudinally bisected. 0. C.

5777. Prepared in 1851.

187. The sacrum, vertically and transversely bisected.

188. The sacrum, transversely bisected through the middle of

the second vertebra. 0. C. 5778. Prepared in 1851.

189. The body of the sternum, longitudinally and transversely

bisected. 0. C. 5779. Prepared in 1851.

190. The first rib, longitudinally bisected. 0. C. 5780.

Prepared in 1851.

191. A sixth rib, longitudinally and horizontally bisected. 0. C.

5781. Prepared in 1851.

192. A sixth rib, longitudinally and vertically bisected. 0. C.

5782. Prepared in 1851.

193. The clavicle, longitudinally bisected. 0. C. 5783.

Prepared in 1851.

194. The left scapula, transversely bisected through the glenoid

cavity. 0. C. 5784. Prepared in 1851.

195. The upper portion of a similarly bisected scapula, in which

the texture of the coracoid and acromion is exposed in
longitudinal section. 0. C. 5785. Hunterian.

196. The upper portion of a similarly bisected scapula of a

child. 0. C. 5786. Hunterian.

197. The upper portion of a similarly bisected scapula of an

infant. 0. C. 5787. Hunterian.

198. The posterior half of a longitudinally bisected humerus.

0. C. 5788. Hunterian.

SECTIONS OF BONES SHOWING STRUCTURE. 23

199. A radius, longitudinally bisected. 0. C. 5789.

Prepared in 1851.

200. An ulna, longitudinally bisected. 0. C. 5790.

Prepared in 1851.

201. The OS magnum, bisected. Purchased.

202. The three bones of the pollex, longitudinally bisected.

Purchased,

203. The right os innominatum, with the ilium longitudinally

bisected. 0. C. 5795. Hunterian.

204. The right ilium of a child, longitudinally bisected.

Hunterian,

205. The left os innominatum, longitudinally bisected through

the acetabulum. 0. 0. 5797. Hunterian.

206. The left os innominatum, transversely bisected through the

acetabulum. 0. C. 5798. Hunterian.

207. The hinder half of the right femur, longitudinally bisected.

0. C. 5799. Hunterian.

208. The left femur, longitudinally bisected. 0. C. 5800.

Hunterian,

209. The proximal part of a left femur, longitudinally bisected.

0. C. 5801. Hunterian,

210. The proximal part of a left femur, from the fore part of

which a section has been obliquely removed, passing
through the middle of the head. 0. C. 5802. Hunterian.

211. A longitudinal section of the upper extremity of the

femur, prepared in illustration of a memoir by the donor,
" Ueber die innere Architectur der Knochen und ihro
Bedeutung fiir die Frage vom Knochenwachsthum," in
Virchow's ' Archiv,' vol. L. p. 389 (1870).

Presented hy Dr. Julius Wolff, 1873.

212. Half of the longitudinally bisected proximal end of a femur,

from which a great proportion of the animal matter has
been removed, leaving the earthy part, and showing the
mechanical arrangement of the walls of the cancelli.
0. C. 5803. Presented by Edioard Stanley, Esg.

24

GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.

213. Two portions of a longitudinally bisected shaft of a femur,

similarly prepared. 0. C. 5804.

Presented hy Edward Stanley, Esq.

214. A longitudinal section from the distal end of a femur,

similarly prepared, showing with great clearness the
delicate and elegant reticular arrangement of the fine
columnar and lamellar walls of the cancelli. 0. C. 5805.

Presented by Edward Stanley, Esq.

215. The posterior half of a longitudinally bisected left tibia.

0. C. 5806. Hunterian.

216. A fibula, longitudinally bisected. 0. C. 5807.

Prepared in 1851.

217. - A patella, vertically and transversely bisected.

218. An astragalus, bisected. Purchased.

219. A calcaneum, bisected. Purchased.

220. A navicular bone, bisected transversely. Purchased.

221. A cuboid bone, bisected. Purchased.

222. The three bones of the hallux, longitudinally bisected.

Purchased.

Variations of the Human Skeleton in regard to Stature.

223. The articulated skeleton of Charles Byrne, who was exhi-
bited in London as " O'Brian, the Irish Giant," and died
in 1783. 0. C. 5905.

The following record of the death of the individual to whom
this skeleton belonged is extracted from the ' Annual Register
. Chronicle,' June 1783, vol. xxvi. p. 209 : —

" In Cockspur Street, Charing Cross, aged only 22, Mr. Charles
Bj'rne, the famous Irish Giant, whose death is said to have been
precipitated by excessive drinking, to which he was always
addicted, but more particularly since his late loss of almost all
his property, which he had simply invested in a single bank note
of £700.

" Our philosophical readers may not be displeased to know,
on the credit of an ingenious correspondent who had opportunity
of informing himself, that Mr. Byrne, in August 1780, measured
eight feet ; that in 1782 he had gained two inches ; and after
he was dead he measured eight feet four inches.

VARIATIONS IN STATURE.

25

" Neither his father, mother, brother, nor any other person of
his family, was of an extraordinary size."

The above-named heights are evidently exaggerations, as the
actual height of the skeleton, in -which duo allowance appears
to be given for the intervertebral substances, is only seven feet,
seven inches.

The posterior molars are in place ; and the epiphyses of the
long bones are united, though the crests of the ilia and posterior
borders of the scapulee are still free. The corresponding limb-
bones of the opposite sides present great differences in dimensions.
The bones of the cranium are thick and massive. The glabella,
supraorbital ridges, mastoid processes, all the muscular ridges and
the bones of the face, and especially the lower jaAV, are greatly
developed ; but the alveolar arches and teeth are scarcely larger
than those of a man of ordinary stature. The squamosal j oins the
frontal for more than half an inch on the left side, but does not
quite reach it on the right. The frontal region is low and
retreating, and the cranial cavity small for the external size of
the skull.

Height 2310 = 7 feet 1 inches.

Clavicle, r. 228, 1. 220 ; humerus, r. 450, 1. 430 ; radius, r. 334,
I. 325 ; hand, r. 255, I. 256 ; femur, r. 625, 1. 642 ; tibia, r. 541,
I. 537 ; foot, r. 325, Z. 318.

Cranium : C. 593, L. 214, B. 148, Bi. 692, H. 147, Hi. 687,
Ca. 1520.

A clever contemporary caricature sketch of O'Brian by Row-
landson hangs in the office of the Conservator of the Museum ;
and a boot and a slipper which he wore are preserved with the
skeleton.

Hunterian.

224. The articulated skeleton of a man about six feet nine inches

in height, wlio died in London in 1854, having been
known as " Freeman, the American Griant."
Height 2030=6 feet 8-0 inches.

Clavicle, r. 170, Z. 175; humerus, r. 413, I. 416; radius,
r. 300, Z. 298 ; femur, r. 588, Z. 588 ; tibia, r. 478, Z. 477.

Cranium : C. 540, L. 191, B. 145, Bi, 759, H. 149, Hi. 780.
Ca. 1630.

Purchased.

225. The right os innominatum, with the femur and tibia, of a

man of unusually large stature.
The length of the femur is 565. The tibia is approximately

26

GENERAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN.

610 ; but the inner side of the lower half has been lost and ia
restored in wood. According to the calculation that the length
of the femur is to the entire height as 275 : 1 000, this would
give a height of 2005, or 6 feet 8 inches.

226. The right and left femurs of a person of great stature.

Length of the right femur 550, of the left 544.

227. The skeleton of a female child of unusually stunted growth

and arrested osseous development, who was exhibited in
London in 1824, under the name of " Caroline Crachami,
the Sicilian Dwarf," of the reputed age of nine years.
0. C. 5906.

Some particulars of her life and of the post mortem exami-
nation are given in Sir Everard Home's ' Lectures on Compara-
tive Anatomy,' vol. v. (1828) p. 191, from which the following
is extracted. — " The child when I saw it could walk alone, but
with no confidence. Its sight was very quick, much attracted
by bright objects, delighted with every thing that glittered,
mightily pleased with fine clothes, had a shrill voice, and spoke
in a low tone ; had some taste for music, but could speak few
words of English ; was very sensible of kindness, and quickly
recognized any person who had treated it kindly,"

The height of the skeleton is 19-8 inches = 505 millims. Only
the deciduous teeth are in place, of which the first upper molars
in both jaws have sufiered decay. The right lateral upper
incisor would appear not to have been developed. The fonti-
nelle is not quite closed ; and the ossification of the bones of the
trunk and extremities is scarcely more advanced than in a child
at birth.

With this skeleton are preserved casts of the face, of the arm
and hand, and of a foot of the same individual, also the stockings
and ring which she wore ; and in the Conservator's ofiice is an
oil-paiuting from life, of the natural size, side and front view,
by A. Chalon.

Presented hy Sir Everard Home, Bart,

DENTITION.

27

II. DENTITION OF MAN.

The dental formula in adult man is : — i. f, c. |, p. -f, m. =■§•:
total 32. The milk-teeth are :— i. f, c. m. f, =|-: total 20.

228. The first set or milk-teeth of a child about two years of

age, wanting the posterior molars. Purchased, 1858.

229. The complete set of first or milk-teeth of a child about six

years of age.

230. A preparation of the upper and lower jaws of a child about

five years of age, showing the complete milk-dentition,
with the germs of the permanent teeth. The roots of the
teeth in place and the crowns of the successional teeth
are exposed by the removal of the outer alveolar walls.

Purchased, 1862.

231. A similar preparation from a child somewhat more ad-

vanced in age. Purchased, 1862.

232. A similar preparation from a child about seven years of

age, the first permanent molars being in place, as well as
the milk-teeth. 0. C. 5835.

Prepared for John Hunter by his pupil Whliam Lyiw,
afterwards President of the Eoyal CoUege of Surgeons.

Hunterian.

233. The skull of a child about eight years of age, showing the

state of the dentition. AU the milk-incisors are shed ;
the milk-molars and canines are retained. The central
permanent incisors and the first permanent molars are in
place. Presented hy G. W. Machmurclo, Esq., 1867.

234. A preparation of the upper and lower jaws of a nearly

adult person, showing the teeth in situ, with their roots
exposed. The posterior molars have not yet risen into
place. Purchased, 1862.

235. A portion of the human skull, including the upper and

lower jaws, from the right side of which the teeth have
been extracted and are displayed separately. 0. C. 5833.

Hunterian.

236. The left side of the upper and lower jaws of an adult, in

which the roots of the teeth have been exposed by
removing the outer walls of the alveoli. 0. C. 5834.

Mns. Brookes.

28

DENTITION OF MAN.

237. A human premolar tooth, longitudinally bisected. 0. C

5876. Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart

The following twenty-one Hunterian specimens, to No. 258
inclusive, are described and figured in Hunter's work ' On the
Natural History of the Human Teeth,' 1771.

238. The left halves of the upper and lower jaws of a foetus of

five months, showing the common alveolar groove which
lodged the formative matrices of the teeth. 0. 0. 5836.

The inner wall of the groove is most developed ; rudiments of
the partitions appear at the bottom of the anterior alveoli.
Op. dt. pi. viii. figs. 1 & 2.

239. The left halves of the upper and lower jaws of a foetus

of seven months, showing the development of the inner
wall to an equality with the outcF wall of the alveoli, and
the more or less completed partitions of the sockets of
the incisors and canines. 0. C. 5837.
Op. cit. pi. viii. figs. 3 & 4.

240. The left halves of the upper and lower jaws of a foetus

of eight months, showing the more nearly completed
sockets. A large vacuity still remains in the partition
between those of the two molars. 0. C. 5838.
Op. dt. pi. viii. figs. 5 & 6.

241. The right ramus of the lower jaw of apparently the same

foetus : the calcified germs of the two incisors and the
canine are displayed in situ; similar germs, with th
calcified summits of the pulps, of "the two deciduou
molars are separately displayed. 0. C. 5839.

242. The lower jaw of an infant nine months old. 0. C. 5840.

The two mid incisors have cut the gum ; the crowns of the
outer incisor, canine, milk-molars, and first true molar may he
seen through the openings of the formative sockets, which open-
ings are contracted above the molars.

Op. cit. pi. viii. fig. 7.

243. The left ramus of the lower jaw of an infant of nine

months. 0. C. 5841.

The mid incisor has cut the gum ; the crowns of the outer
incisor, canine, milk-molars, and first true molar are exposed
by the removal of the outer alveolar wall ; the calcified summits

HUNTERIAN SPECIMENS.

29

of the permanent incisors and canine are exposed by the
removal of the inner alveolar waU. The dried remains of the
gum remain above the formative alveoli of the undeveloped teeth.

244. Part of the right upper jaw of an infant nine months old.

0. C. 5842.

The mid incisor is beginning to cut the gum ; the crowns of
the outer incisor, canine, two milk-molars, and the calcified
summit of the first true molar and of the permanent mid incisor
are exposed by removal of the inner wall of the alveoli.

245. The left upper jaw of a young infant. 0. C. 5843.

The mid incisor and apparently the second incisor, which is
lost, have cut the gum ; the crowns of the canine and milk-
molars are seen in their formative sockets. The formative
sockets of the permanent incisors are shown, and also that of a
canine, or supernumerary tooth, behind them, with the calcified
germ of the tooth in an inverted position, the point being directed
upwards against the bony palate, and the pulp-cavity opening
towards the gum. The maxillo-premaxillary suture remains on
the palate and on the inner surface of the nasal passage.

Op. cit. pi. viii. fig. 9.

246. The right upper jaw of apparently the same infant.

0. C. 5844.

The two incisors have cut the gum. The germ of a corre-
sponding canine, ox supernumerary tooth, is shown in a similar
inverted position.

247. A section of the right upper jaw of a young infant.

0. C. 5845.

The two incisors have cut the gum ; the crowns of the canine,
milk-molars, and first true molars are exposed by the removal
of the outer alveolar wall, and the germs of the permanent
incisors by the removal of the inner alveolar wall.

248. A section of the lower jaw of a child. 0. C. 5846.

It shows the mid incisor and first milk-molar, and the sockets
of the intervening outer incisor and canine, from which the
teeth have been removed. The formative alveoli of the perma-
nent mid incisor and of the first bicuspid are also shown.

Two views of this preparation are given in the work ' On the
Teeth,' pi. ix., in which Hunter's description of fig. 2 is — " The
incisor of a child is standing in its socket, and the adult incisor
forming in a distinct socket, underneath ; " and of fig. 3 — " to
show that the bicuspides are formed in distinct sockets of their
own, and not in the socket of the grinder, which stands al)ove."

30

DENTITION OF MAN.

249. The left upper maxillary bone of a child. 0. C. 5847.

The two milk- molars are in place: the canine has been
removed from its socket, and the premaxiUary part of the jaw
removed to expose the germ of the permanent canine in its
formative socket. The germs of the first bicuspid and first true
molar are similarly exposed from the inner side. The crowns
of an incisor and canine are separately displayed.

250. A section of the right upper maxillary bone of a child.

0. C. 5848.

The two milk-molars are in place. The deciduous incisors
and canine have been removed ; behind their sockets the calci-
fied summits of the permanent incisors may be seen through the
wide gubernacular openings. The crown of the first true molar
may be seen in its formative socket.

251. The left maxillary and left ramus of the mandible of

a child, in which the deciduous teeth had been acquired
and the first true molar was beginning to rise into place,
being more advanced in the lower than the upper jaw.
O.C. 5849.

The germs of the successional teeth and of the second true
molars are exposed by the removal of the outer walls of their
formative alveoli.

These preparations are figured (reversed) in pi. ix. fig. 1, op.
cit., with the following description : — " One side of the Upper
and Lower-jaw of a subject about eight or nine years of age,
where the Incisor es and Cuspidati of the Foetus were shed, and
their successors rising in new sockets ; shewing likewise the
two Grinders of the child, with the Bicuspides forming under-
neath. The first adult Grinder was ready to cut the gum ; and
the Second Grinder in the Lower-jaw is lodged in the root of
the coronoid process, and in the Upper-jaw it is in the tubercle."

252. The left maxillary and a considerable proportion of the

mandible of a child, at the same stage of dentition as the
foregoing. 0. C. 5850.

The second milli-molar is in place in the upper jaw ; the
alveoli of the antecedent milk-teeth have been removed to
expose those containing the calcified crowns of the permanent
incisors, canine, and first bicuspid. The first true molar is
exposed in its socket, and that of the second true molar is shown
behind. In the lower jaw the two milk-molars on each side
are left standing : the crowns of the four permanent incisors.

HUNTERIAN SPECIMKNS.

31

canines, and anterior biciiapids are exposed by the removal of
the front walls of their formative sockets. The crowns of the
second bicuspids seem not to have begun to be calcified.

253. The back part of the left ramus of the same lower jaw.

It shows the widely open alveolus of the first true molar,
the crown of which is there exposed, and the for-
mative socket of the second true molar. 0. C. 5851.

254. (15.) The right ramus of the lower jaw of a child. O.C. 5852.

The deciduous series, viz. two incisors, a canine, and two
molars, are in place ; the formative sockets of the successional
teeth and of the first and second true molars are exposed from
the inner side. The matrices of the second bicuspid and second
true molar had not begun to be calcified.

255. The left rami of four lower jaws of individuals at different

periods of life. 0. C. 5853.

The youngest shows the five deciduous teeth in place ; the
next shows the two permanent incisors, the deciduous molars,
and first true molar, the second true molar rising into place,
and the permanent canine exposed in its formative socket ; the
third shows the permanent incisors, canine, bicuspids, and first
and second true molars in place, all the deciduous teeth having
been shed ; the fourth shows the full permanent series.

These specimens are the subjects of fig. 2, pi. xvi., op. cit.,
where they are represented larger than natural, and are thus
described: — "Fig. 2. Pour Lower -jaws at different periods of
life, from the age when the five shedding teeth are completely
formed, to that of a complete set. This figure shows four
things : — 1. The lengthening of the jaw backwards, which is seen
by the oblique line made by the four condyles ; 2. The gradual
rise of the two processes above the line of the teeth ; 3. The
gradual increase of the teeth in projjortion as the jaw lengthens ;
and 4. The part formed, always keeping the same size."

256. Sections of the right halves of the upper and lower jaws,

with the outer alveolar wall removed to expose the
implanted roots of the teeth. 0. C. 5854.

This specimen is the subject of fig. 1, pi. vi., op. cit., in the
description of which Hunter remarks : — " The length of each
fang is at once seen with respect to its neighbour, and this kind
of articulation " (gomphosis) " pointed out at one view."

257. The left upper maxillary bone, in which the canine is

32 DENTITION OF MAN.

exposed in its socket, the crown not having been pro-
truded beyond the opening of the sockets of the con-
tiguous teeth. 0. C. 5855.

This specimen is the subject of fig. 8, pi. viii., op. cit., and is
described as follows : — " A sketch of an Upper-jaw where the
Cuspidatus of that side had been formed high up in the Jaw, and,
therefore, never would appear through the Gum."

258. The fore part of a human lower jaw, showing the incisors,

canines, and bicuspids, with their crowns worn down to
a flat surface. 0. C. 5856.

The following specimens, illustrative of the structure, deve-
lopment, and succession of the teeth, are arranged on slides, in a
glazed frame or case, and are mostly figured in John Hunter's
work ' On the Teeth.' Hunterian.

259. The teeth on this slide (0. C. 5857) are the subjects of plate

V. op. cit., where they are described as follows : —

" The sixteen teeth from one side of both jaws, taken out of
their sockets to expose the whole of each tooth.

" Kow 1. — The teeth of the lower jaw ; the five single are
similar to those in the upper jaw, but the grinders in this have
only two fangs.

" (a. a.) The two incisors.

" (6.) The cuspidatus ; showing, in the same view, how much
longer it is than the others.
" (c. c.) The bicuspides.

" {d, d.) The first two grinders, having two fangs.
" (e.) The third grinder, or dens sapientiae, having also but
two fangs.

" Row 2. — The teeth of the upper jaw ; the lettered references
apply to this as to the first row.

" (a. a.) The two incisors, showing the hollowed inner surface
of the body of those teeth.

" (6.) The cuspidatus, showing the same.

" (c. c.) The bicuspides, showing the two points on the basis
of each ; the first of them has a forked fang.

" (cl. d.) The first two grinders, having three fangs.

" (e.) The third grinder, or dens sapientiae, having also three
fangs."

260. A slide supporting sections of the teeth of Man, the Horse,

and the Elephant, which have been subjected to the
action of fire in oi;der to show more clearly the distinction

IIUNTERIAN SPRCIMRNS.

33

between the enamel and other constituents of the teeth,
the minute quantity of animal matter in the enamel not
affecting its colour when heated. Most of the specimens
are figured in plates xiv. & xv. o;;. cit., where they are
described as follows : —

" (a.) Pig. 17. — An incisor slit down its axis, to show the
enamel upon the body of the tooth, covering much more of the
convex than of the concave part."

" (b.) Fig. 18. — A.n incisor worn so much down as to expose
the whole end of the bony part, a circle only of enamel re-
maining."

" (c) Pig. 16. — A cuspidatus, showing the same cir-
cumstance."

" (d.) Pig. 15. — ^A lateral view of the enamel of a bicuspis
cut longitudinally."

" (e.) A similar view of the enamel of a molaris."

" (/.) Pig. 14. — Another view of the enamel of a molaris."

" (ff.) Pig. 12. — The basis of a molaris whose points were
worn down, and the bony part which projected into those points
exposed."

" (A.) Pig. 13. — A molaris, whose bony part is wholly exposed,
and only a circle of enamel left, covering the sides all round."

" (i.) Pig. 20. — The grinding- surface of a horse's molaris, to
show the irregular course of the enamel."

(j.) A section of one of the denticuli of an Asiatic elephant's
molar, showing the dentine, enamel, and cement. Only a very
small proportion of the dentine or " bony part " appears in this
section ; it is enclosed in the enamel.

(7f.) A horizontal section of the molaris of a horse, to show
the course of the enamel. Both the dentine and cement are
blackened by the action of fire.

261. (Slide 4.) A series of teeth in longitudinal section, to show

the size and shape of their pulp-cavities. 0. C. 5859.

Three are canines, two bicuspids, and two molars. There are
also two transverse sections of fangs, the crown of a molar not
fully developed, and an upper molar with a large concretion of
tartar attached to it.

262. (Slide 5.) Longitudinal and transverse sections of human

permanent teeth. 0. C. 5860.

c, a. The incisors.

b. The canine.

c. A premolar or bicuspid, showing, by the double pulp-

D

DENTITION OF MAN.

cavity, that the apparently single fang consists of two connate
fangs.

c'. A premolar, in which the two fangs are distinct at the
lower half of the root.

cl. A molar, showing, by the double pulp-cavity of one of its
apparently single fangs, that this consists of two connate fangs.
(The above are the subjects of figs. 1-5 of pi. xiv. op. cit.)

e. A molar, with the pulp-cavity exposed in the crown and
one of the fangs broken away.

f. A molar, showing the divisions of the pulp-cavity continued
into the diverging fangs.

g. A transverse section of the crown of a molar, showing the
part of the pulp-cavity next the grinding-sui-face.

Ji. A transverse section of the crown of a molar, showing the
part of the pulp -cavity next the fangs. (The two preceding
specimens are the subjects of figs. 8 & 9, pi. xiv. ojp. cit.)

i. This specimen is the subject of fig. 7, pi. xiv., where it is
thus described : — " A molaris of the lower jaw, with part of its
fangs sawed off, to show that the sides of the cavity or canal
have grown together, and divided it into two small canals, which
are represented by two dark points." In other words, the two
seemingly single fangs consist each of two connate fangs.

263. (Slide 6.) A series of the deciduous teeth of a child, "from

their being complete to their utmost decay." There is
also a deciduous incisor of a horse, with the germ of the
permanent incisor about to succeed it. 0. C. 5861.

The human teeth are the subjects of figs. 2 & 3, pi. xiv. op.
cit.

264. (Slide, Div. 7.) " The teeth of one side of both jaws, from

a child of five or six years of age." 0. C, 5862.

The deciduous incisors are completed, and the crowns of their
successors formed. The fang of the deciduous canine is not
quite complete ; and the crown of the successor is about half-
formed. Tlie fangs of the first milk-molars are nearly com-
pleted ; and the summit of the first upper premolar has begun to
be calcified. The fangs of the second milk-molar are half-
formed and widely open ; the second premolar has not begun to
be calcified. The crown of the first true molar is more than half-
formed.

These are the subjects of fig. 1, pi. x. op. cit.

265. (Slide, Div. 8.) " The teeth of one side of both jaws, from

a child of seven years of age." 0. C. 5863.
The fang of the first deciduous incisor is partially absorbed,

HUNTERIAN SPECIMENS.

35

more in the upper than the lower tooth; part of the fang of the
succeeding incisor is formed. Of the second incisor a smaller
proportion of the fang of the deciduous tooth is absorbed, and of
that of the permanent one is developed. The whole of the deci-
duous canine, and of the crown of the permanent one, are com-
pleted. The fangs of the upper milk-molars are more absorbed
than those of the lower ones, and the crowns of the upper pre-
molars are proportionally more advanced. The whole of the
crown, with the beginning of the root of the first true molar, is
now formed. These teeth form the subjects of fig. 2, pi, x. op.
cit. ; and in the description of the plate the author remarks : —
" This is an age in which there are more teeth formed and
foiming than at any other time of life — forty-four in the
whole."

266. (Slide, Div. 9.) " The teeth from one side of both jaws of

a child eight or nine years old, principally to show
the progress of the second set and the beginning and
decay of the first set." 0. C. 5864.

The first deciduous incisor of the lower jaw has been shed,
and the crowns of the second permanent molars have been
formed. The fangs of the first true molars are more lengthened,
and those of the milk-molars more absorbed.

These teeth form the subjects of fig. 1, pi. xi. ; and, according
to Himter's own showing, a greater number of formed and
forming teeth coexist in the jaws of a child at the age here
exemplified than at that characterized by the teeth in No. 265.
As the crowns of the second true molars are always more or less
calcified before any of the deciduous incisors are shed, the
number of "formed and forming " teeth in the jaws at such
period (commonly from seven to eight years of age) is forty-
eight, viz. twenty deciduous teeth, twenty permanent suc-
cessors, and eight superadded true molars.

267. (Slide, Div. 10.) " The teeth from one side of both jaws of

a youth about eleven or twelve years old, showing the
further progress of the one set towards perfection, and of
the other towards decay." 0. C. 5865.

The deciduous incisors and canines have been shed, and the
permanent ones have cut the gum. The fang of tlie canine is
not yet complete. The second incisors have not been preserved
in this series. The first upper premolar has come into place, and
has pushed out its predecessor ; the first lower milk-raolar and
the second in both jaws remain, with their fangs much absorbed.
Only the base of the fangs of the premolars is formed ; the first

D 2

•66

DENTITION OF MAN.

true molars have the fnngs nearly complete ; the enamel seems
to have been dissolved away from the summit of the crown by
an acid. The crown of the second true molar is complete ; that
of the third, or "dons sapientiaj," is only beginning to be
calcified. The above teeth form the subjects of fig. 2, pi. xi.
op. cit.

268. (Slide, Div. 11.) The teetb from one side of both jaws of a

youth about fourteen years of age. 0. C. 5866.

The permanent incisors and canines are in place ; but the
deciduous molars have not been shed : their fangs are much
absorbed, and those of their successors are half-formed ; the
fangs of the second true molar are in a similar state ; and the
crown of the third true molar is more advanced, especially in
upper jaw.

269. (Slide, Div. 12.) The teeth from one side of both jaws of a

youth about eighteen years of age. 0. C. 5867.

The premolars or bicuspids are complete, and have pushed out
the milk-molars, all the deciduous series being now shed. The
fangs of the second true molar are complete in the lower jaw,
but not in the upper jaw. The third true molar shows a corre-
sponding advance of development in the lower jaw.

270. (Slide, Div. 13.) The calcified summits of the crowns of the

deciduous teeth (viz. two incisors, canine, and two
molars) " from one side of both jaws of a foetus of seven
or eight months, showing the progress of ossification ; "
this is greatest in the first incisor, and decreases to the
last molar. 0. C. 5868.
The specimens are the subjects of fig, 4, pi. ix. op. cit.

271. (Slide, Div. 14.) The calcified portions of the crowns of

the deciduous teeth, from one side of both jaws, of a
foetus of the ninth month. (Fig. 5, pi. ix. op. cit.)
0. C. 5869.

272. (Slide, Div. 15.) The deciduous mid-incisors, canines, and

molars, with the calcified summits of the crowns of
the permanent second incisors and first molars, from
one side of both jaws of a child eight or nine months
old. 0. C. 5870.

These specimens are included in fig. 6, pi. ix. op. cit., of
the entire series, which are described as " the five temporary
teeth in a more advanced state, with the first adult grinder.

HUNTEllIAN SPECIMENS.

37

The adult incisors and ouo cuspidatus are also begun to bo
foi-med but, by an error of the press, " years " is given for
" months " in the description of the plate. In the text the
specimens are rightly ascribed to an infant of eight or nino
months.

273. (Slide, Div. 16.) The moieties of longitudinally bisected

deciduous and permanent incisors at four stages of their
development, showing " the gradual growth of the body,
fangs, and cavity ;" the lower row is of the permanent
set. (Fig. 2, a, b, c, d, pi. xiii. op. cit.) 0. C. 5871.

274. (Slide, Div. 17.) The moieties of longitudinally bisected

deciduous and permanent molars at three stages of
growth. The pulp-cavity is relatively larger in the
completed deciduous than in the completed permanent
molar. (Fig. 2, e,f, g, pi. xiii. op. cit.) 0. C. 5872.

275. (Slide, Div. 18.) Eight specimens of permanent incisors at

different stages of development. 0. C. 5873.

These are the subjects of fig. 8, pi. xiii. op. cit., where they
are described as " showing the gradual growth of a single tooth,
from its first formation nearly, to its being almost complete ;"
some of the specimens, however, are of the first incisor, some of
the upper, some of the lower incisors.

276. (Slide, Div. 19,) Six specimens of the first true molar of

the lower jaw. 0. C. 5874.

" They show the formation of the cavity and fangs of the
molares of the lower jaw.

" (a.) Shows the common cavity in the body of the tooth.
" (6.) Shows the cavity still deeper.

" (c.) Shows the bony arch thrown over the mouth of the
cavity, and dividing that into two openings, which give origin
to the two fangs.

" (d, e, /.) Show the progress of these fangs." Op. cit.
pi. xiii. fig. 1, A, a, B, C, D, E.

277. (Slide, Div. 20.) Five specimens of the first true molar of

the upper jaw, similarly displayed. 0. C. 5875.

" ((/.) Shows the common cavity of the tooth.
" (h.) Shows the slight tucking-in of the mouth of the cavity
at three difibrent points, from which three ossifications shoot.

38

DENTITION 01-' MA-N.

" (i.) Shows these ossiiicatioiis, and the beguiiiing of throe
faugs.

" (At, I.) Show the gradual growth of these fangs." Op. eit.
pi. xiii'. fig. 1, A, «, F, G, H, I, K *.

Abnormal Conditions of the Teeth.

These might more logically be arranged in the Teratological Series,
but are retained here chiefly for considerations of convenience.

In the collection of skulls illustrating the special osteology of the
diiferent races of Man there are many examples of deviation from the
normal condition of the teeth, which are noted in the description of the
respective specimens.

278. A skull, said to be that of a Negress, in yfhich the crown

of the right upper canine projects upwards, forwards, and
inwards into the right nostril. 0. C. 5900. Hunterian.

279. The cranium of a young person, in which the right upper

canine is obliquely embedded in the palate, projecting

behind the second incisor. 0. C. 5748.

A milk-canine appears to have been retained, judging by the
alveolus. The basilar suture is not closed. The permanent
teeth are all in place, except the third molars.

Hunterian.

280. The upper and lower jaws of an adult Englishman, in which

the crown of the right upper canine is almost completely
embedded in the palate, its apex, directed forwards and
inwards, being situated immediately behind the fii'st in-
cisor. A space is left between the second incisor and the
first premolar ; but there is no evidence of the existence
of a persistent milk-tooth, as in many of the similar spe-
cimens. The teeth of the left side are normal. In the
lower jaw the incisors are crowded together, and the right
lateral incisor is placed altogether behind the others and
is rotated on its axis. 0. C. 5739. Purchased.

281. The right maxilla of an adult, in which the canine occupies

the normal situation and direction, but is only partially
erupted, less than half the crown projecting beyond the
alveolar maroiu.

* The foregoing descriptions of the Hunterian specimens illustrating human
dentition are reprinted, with slight verbal corrections, from the Catalogue of
1863.

ABNOKMAL DENTITION.

39

282. The right nuixilUi of a person not quite adult, and probably

female, with the canine placed very obliquely and scarcely
projecting above the level of the alveolus. The apex of
its crown is directed inwards, occupying the place of the
second incisor, which would appear to have been absent.
The presence of a retained milk-canine is indicated by
the alveolus. The crown of the third molar is completely
calcified, but still retained within the alveolus.

The five following specimens belonged to the late Mr. Walter Jones, of
Worcester, and are described by Mr. James A. Salter in ' Guy's Hospital
Keports,' 3rd ser. vol. v. (1859).

283. The superior maxillas, in which the left canine is embedded

in the palate behind the incisor teeth, with its apex close
to the incisive foi'amen. Purchased, 1876.

284. The upper maxillse and set of upper permanent teeth, with

the left canine completely concealed in the palate behind
the incisors, and the milk-canine permanently retained.

Purchased, 1876.

285. The superior maxillss of an old person, with both canines

directed almost horizontally inwards and forwards within
the alveolar arch, so that their apices meet at the middle
line. With the exception of two molars and a premolar
on the left side, and one molar on the right, there were no
other teeth in the jaw at the time of the person's decease.
The crowns of the canines occupy all the space in which
the incisors are usually implanted. Purchased, 1876.

286. The anterior portion of a lower jaw of an adult, in which

the right milk-canine is pennanently retained in its place,
its successor lying obliquely in the alveolus, the crown
being situated in front of the roots of the two right
incisors. Purchased, 1876.

287. The lower jaw of an adult, in which the posterior premolars

of both sides are permanently retained in the alveolus,
and placed obliquely, with the crowns directed forwards
against the roots of the teeth in front. There are
vacant sjiaces in the jaws, where the crowns of the teeth
ought to be. Tlie third right molar appears not to have
been developed. Purchased, 1876.

40

EUROPE.

III. SPECIAL OSTEOLOGY OF MAN,

or Illustrations of the Ostoological Characters of the various

Races of Mankind.

In consequence of the uncertainty which still prevails with
resfard to the classification and mutual relations of the races of
Man, it has been thought best, in this Catalogue, to adhere to an
almost purely geographical arrangement.

L EUROPE.
A. The British Isles.
a. En&land.

a. Ancient British^ or presumohly ancient, though of uncertain

date.

288. The greater part of the skeleton of an adult male, found be-

neath a bed of peat, which lay below a sand hill on the sea-
coast near Leasowe Castle, in Cheshire.

The skeleton, and the circumstances under which it was dis-
covered, are described by Mr. Busk in the ' Transactions of
the Ethnological Society of London,' vol. iv. p. 101.

The teeth are much worn. The coronal and sagittal sutures
are completely obliterated, the lambdoidal nearly so.

Clavicle 143, humerus 340, radius 255, femur 462.

Cranium : C. 545, L. 190, B. 148, Bi. 779.

Presented by General the Hon. Sir Edward Cust, 1864.

289. A calvaria, found at Muskham, in the valley of the

Trent: cJ .

See Huxley, " Notes upon Human Remains from the Valley
of the Trent," in ' The Geologist ' for June 1862. The skuU is
also desciibed and figured in Laing and Huxley's ' Prehistoric
Remains of Caithness,' 1866, p. 120, figs. 48-51.

C. 507, L, 178, B. 138, Bi. 775, H. 135, Hi. 758, Ca. 1300.

The plane of the foramen magnum is remarkably oblique,
the basilar angle (Broca) being 42°.

Presented by Francis Drake, Esq., 1867.

290. A cranium, found in the peat beneath the roots of an old

tree, while making a ditch at Ridlington, Norfolk.
This specimen is mentioned in the sketch of the Geology of

ENGLAND.

41

Norfolk ill White's ' Gazetteer,' and (with the two following) was
formerly in the possession of Mr, J. Gunn.
Motopic.

C. 518, L. 187, B. 133, Bi. 711, H. 140, Hi. 749, EN. 99,
BA. 92, Ai. 929, Nh. 49, Nw. 22, Ni. 449, Ow. 39, Oh. 30,
Oi. 7G9, Ca. 1500.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1865.

291. A cranium, found in digging a ditch near Wayford Bridge,

in Norfolk, at a depth of four feet, in peat : $ ?

C. 503, L, 188, B. 126, Bi. 670, H. 125, Hi. 665, BN. 97,
BA. 95, Ai. 979, Nh. 47, Nw. 22, Ni. 468, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi. 865, Ca. 1200.

Presented by George Bush, Esq., 1868.

292. A cranium from Hickling, Norfolk.

" Found, with the entire skeleton, at a depth of about eight
feet, in clearing out a drain-ditch ; the skeleton lay in a slanting
semivertical position :" c? •

C. 518, L. 182, B. 138, Bi. 758, H. 134, Hi. 736, BN. 102,
BA. 97, Ai. 951, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490, Ow. 40, Oh. 33,
Oi. 825, Ca. 1500.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1868.

293. The cranium of a young person, from a peat-bog in North-

amptonshire, "wanting the greater part of the base.

The basilar suture is not closed ; and the posterior molars are
not in place.

C. 515, L. 178, B. 144, Bi. 809.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1868.

294. The frontal and parietal bones of a cranium, from a peat-bog

in Northamptonshire.
" From J. Prestwich, Esq., Dec. 1866."

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1868.

295. A calvaria, found at a depth of sixteen feet below the

surface. Southern Outfall Works, Thames.

The deposit in which it was found is thus described : —
Vegetable soil 1' 2", yeUow clay 3' 6", peat 2' 5", blue clay 8' 0",
silt 3' 0" (in this the skull was found), peat 0' 9", peat and clay
mixed 0' 5", peat 1' 0", peat and clay 0' 7", running sand 1' 3",
Thames baUast 30' 0".

L. 182, B. 144, Bi. 791.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1865.

42

EUROPE.

296. A calvaria, found in 1809, at a depth of thirty-six feet,

in Carnon Stream Work, Cornwall.
The frontal suture is persistent.
C. 523, L. 183, B. 137, Bi. 749.

297. An ancient British skull, found, in 1852, in a barrow at

Codford, near Heytesbury, Wilts : d .

Described and figured in Davis and Thurnam's ' Crania Bri-
tannica,' no. xxix.

C. 503, L. 170, B. 145, Bi. 853, H. 130, Hi. 765, BN. 95,
BA. 90, Ai. 947, Nh. 48, Nw. 22, Ni. 458, Ow. 41, Oh. 31,
Oi. 756, Ca. 1300.

Presented hy J. Y. Akerman, Esq., 1857.

jG. Roman and Romano-Britisli.

Owing to the impossibility of distinguishing these in many
cases, the remains of the Roman invaders of Britain are classed
with the inhabitants of the island who lived under their rule.

298. The greater part of the skeleton of a man, disinterred by

the donor at Frilford, hear Abingdon, Berks, May 27th,
1870.

The following note from Professor Rolleston accompanied the
specimen : — " Found in a grave running from N.N.W. to S.S.E.,
about 2' 4" deep. Abundant charcoal was found in the grave,
close to the bones ; large stones were also close to the skeleton.
Flints and shards were found in the grave. The interment was
such a one as those described by me in the ' Archseologia,'
vol. xlii.* (p. 6 of separate issue of Memoir), as ' Roman or
Eomano-British Interments, without leaden but in most cases
probably with wooden cofiins, and in semioriented graves.' The
skuU is one of the type very frequent in Eomano-British times,
and supposed bj'- me (l. c. p. 38) to belong to the ' Cimbric ' type
of Retzius."

Clavicle 155 ; humerus, r. 322, I. 312 ; radius 239 : femur,
r. 441, I. 433; tibia 354.

The sagittal suture is completely, and the coronal and lamb-
doidal sutures are in great part obliterated.

Cranium : C. 552, L. 196, B. 145, Bi. 740, H. 132, Hi. 673,

* " Researches and Ezcavations carried on in an Ancient Cemetery at
Frilford, near Abingdon, Berks, in the years 1867-68," Archajologia, vol. xlii.
p. 417.

ENGLAND.

43

BN. 102, EA. 96, Ai. 941, Nh. 48, Nw. 22, Ni. 458, Oh. 40,
Ow. 34, Oi. 850, Ca. 1700.

Presented hy Professor Rolleston, M.D., 1875.

299. The greater part of the skeleton of a woman, disinterred by

the donor at Frilford, Jan. 20tb, 1869.

" Taken from a grave 35" deep and running from N.N.W. to
S.S.E. by S.E. Nails were found in the neighbourhood of
the body, which was in all probability that of a Eomano-British
woman."

Clavicle 132, humerus 283, radius 213, femur 408.
Cranium : C. 512, L. 175, B. 145, Bi. 829, H. 120, Hi. 686,
Ca. 1390.

Presented hy Professor Rolleston, M.D., 1875.

300. A skull, taken, in 1857, from a tumular cemetery on White-

Horse Hill, Berkshire : 6 •

For a description of the cemetery in which it was found, and
reasons for supposing that it belonged to a late period of the
Roman occupation (fourth or fifth century), see Davis and
Thurnam's ' Crania Britannica,' part li.

All the calvarial sutures are united.

C. 548, L. 193, B. 145, Bi. 751, H. 131, Hi. 679, BN. 103,
BA. 93, Ai. 903, Nh. 51, Nw. 22, Ni. 431, Ow. 40, Oh. 35,
Oi. 875, Ca. 1575.

Presented hy Dr. J. Thurnam, 1858.

301. An adult metopic skull, from the same cemetery : $ .

C. 492, L. 172, B. 129, Bi. 750, H. 120, Hi. 698, BN. 91, BA. 85,
Ai. 934, Nh. 47, Nw. 24, Ni. 511, Ow. 36, Oh. 32, Oi. 889.

Presented hy Dr. J. Thurnam, 1858.

302. The skull of a young person, from the same cemetery : § ?

The basilar suture is not consolidated. All the permanent
teeth are in'place, except the posterior molars.
C. 515, L. 184, B. 141, Bi. 766, H. 130, Hi. 707, Ca. 1220.

Presented hy Dr. J. Thurnam, 1858.

303. A skull, presented as " Skull of an Ancient Roman,

Blandford, Dorset:" d-

There is a circular esostosis on the right parietal bone.

C. 500, L. 178, B. 133, Bi. 748, H. 126, Hi. 708, BN. 100,
BA. 97, Ai. 97, Nh. 50, Nw. 25, Ni. 500, Oh. 41, Ow. 34,
Oi. 829, Ca. 1290.

Presented hy J. Y. Akerman, Esq.

44

EUROPE.

304. A mutilated cranium, from the same place : 6 •

C. 525, L. 185, B. 142, Bi. 768, H. 124, Hi. 670.

Presented by J. Y. Akerman, Esq.

305. A mutilated cranium, from the same place.

C. 507, L. 179, B. 132, Bi. 737.

Presented by J. Y. Akerman, Esq.

306. A metopic cranium, marked " From the camp at Spettisbury,

near

Blandford, Dorset, 1857:" d-
C. 543, L. 193, B. 149, Bi. 772, H. 142, Hi. 736, BN. 98,
BA. 95, Ai. 969, Nh. 54, Nw. 26, Ni. 481, Ow. 40, Oh. 34,
Oi. 850, Ca. 1790.

307. A cranium, with the same inscription :

Very large, probably hydrocephalic, the cranial bones being
disproportionate to those of the face.

C. 558, L. 196, B. 156, Bi. 796, H. 136, Hi. 689, BN. 110,
BA. 104, Ai. 945, Nh. 50, Nw. 23, Ni. 460, Ow. 41, Oh. 33,
Oi. 805, Ca. 1730.

308. A skull, said to be that of " a Roman, from Jordans, near

Weymouth:" <S .
It has a very large epactal bone.

C. 528, L. 184, B. 147, Bi. 799, H. 139, Hi. 755, BN. 99,
BA. 93, Ai. 939, Wh. 55, Nw. 25, Ni. 455, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1600.

Presented by J. Macmeikan, Esq., 1860.

The following seven specimens were sent to the Museum in
1861 as " Roman skulls dug up in Cannon Street, in the city of
London, 1861." They present a general resemblance, being all
long, low, and rather broad ; having the glabella, supraorbital
prominences, mastoid process, and muscular ridges little deve-
loped, the facial bones small, and the orbits large and high.

309. A skull, dug up in Cannon Street in 1861: cS .

C. 538, L. 188, B. 145, Bi. 771, H. 125, Hi. 665, BN. 100,
BA. 97, Ai. 970, Nh. 55, Nw. 25, Ni. 455, Ow. 40, Oh. 35,
Oi. 875, Ca. 1475.

310. A skull, dug up in Cannon Street in 1861 : 6 •

C. 525, L. 183, B. 140, Bi. 765, H. 120, Hi. 656, BN. 95,
BA. 90, Ai. 947, Nh. 52, Nw. 26, Ni. 500, Ow. 38, Oh. 38,
Oi. 1000, Ca. 1370.

ENGLAND.

45

311. A skull, dug up in Cannon Street in 1861 :

C. 525, L. 190, B. 138, Bi. 72G, H. 123, Hi. 647, BN. 97,
BA. 94, Ai, 969, Nh. 47, Nw. 23, Ni. 489, Ow. 36, Oh. 33,
Oi. 917, Ca. 1380.

312. A cranium, dug uj) in Cannon Street in 1861 : c?-

C. 503, L. 177, B. 135, Bi. 763, H. 132, Hi. 746, BN". 101,
BA. 92, Ai. 911, Nh. 53, Nw. 23, Ni. 434, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1370.

313. A cranium, dug up in Cannon Street in 1861 : c?-

C. 528, L. 188, B. 143, Bi. 761, H. 132, Hi. 702, BN. 96,
BA. 92, Ai. 958, Nh. 48, Nw. 22, Ni. 458, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi. 865, Ca. 1530.

314. A cranium, dug up in Cannon Street in 1861 : 5 .

C. 495, L. 172, B. 137, Bi. 797, H. 124, Hi. 721, BN. 88,
BA. 78, Ai. 886, Nh. 46, Nw. 20, Ni. 435, Ow. 35, Oh. 32,
Oi. 914, Ca. 1270.

315. A cranium, dug up in Cannon Street in 1861 : $ .

C. 492, L. 172, B. 127, Bi. 738, H. 121, Hi. 703, BN. 95,
BA. 93, Ai. 979, Nh. 50, Nw. 25, Ni. 500, Ow. 39, Oh. 33,
Oi. 846, Ca. 1190.

7. Anglo-Saxon Period.

316. A skull, found in a tumulary cemetery near York, referred

by the donor to tlie early Saxon Christians of the seventh
or eighth century: cJ. 0. C. 5712.

See Dr. Thurnam's Memoir, communicated to the York-
shire Philosophical Society, of which an abstract will be found
in 0. C, p. 881.

C. 525, L. 188, B. 148, Bi. 787, H. 133, Hi. 707, BN. 99,
BA. 96, Ai. 970, Nh. 51, Nw. 23, Ni. 451, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1500.

Presented by Dr. John Tliurnam, 1848.

317. The skull of an Anglo-Saxon, discovered in 1858 in a

tumulus on Wye Hill, on the left of the high road from
Wye to Dover, with an iron spear-head and a small knife.

It is figured and described in Davis and Thurnam's ' Crania
Britannica,' pi. xlvi. The right lower canine is retained within
the alveolus.

C. 540, L, 196, B. 144, Bi. 735, H. 146, Hi. 745.

Presented by C. Roach Sinitli, Esq.

46

EUROPE,

318. A skull, found with about fifty otbers, in 1853, in an

Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Linton Heath, Cambridge-
shire : c? •

Figured and described iu ' Crania Britannica,' pi. xlix.
Many of the others found with it were in such an extremely
brittle condition that they crumbled on being touched.

C. 553, L. 192, B. 155, Bi. 807, H. 142, Hi. 740, BN. 102,
BA. 95, Ai. 931, Nh. 47, Nw. 23, Ni. 489, Ow. 39, Oh. 33,
Oi. 846, Ca. 1780.

Presented by the Hon. Richard C. Neville, 1853.

319. A skull, probably from the same cemetery : $ .

C. 478, L. 170, B. 127, Bi. 747, H. 124, Hi. 729, BN. 94,
BA. 89, Ai. 947, Nh. 46, Nw. 23, Ni. 500, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897.

Presented by the Hon. Richard C. Neville.

320. A mutilated cranium, having a remarkably low and narrow

forehead, a mandible, and a left femur and tibia.

These are described by the donor as "Bones of a Saxon,
from the cemetery at Bartlow, in Essex, found in Pebruary
1853. This was the body of a warrior ; he lay on his
shield, of which the iron boss was found under the skull, and
an iron knife was at his side. Part of the frontal bone of
a child lay near the feet."

P7'esented by the Hon. Richard C. Neville.

321. A skull, with the ceiwical vertebrse (wanting the atlas),

found in 1857 in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Bright-
hampton, near Witney, Oxon : ? .

See ' Archaeologia,' vol. xxxvii. p. 391, and ' Crania Bri-
tannica,' where a skuU from the same cemetery is described
and figured (pi. xlviii.).

C, 528, L. 190, B, 143, Bi. 753, H. 129, Hi. 679, BN. 95,
BA. 96, Ai. 1011, Nh. 47, Nw. 22, Ni. 468, Ow. 37, Oh. 31,
Oi. 838.

Presented by J. Y. Akerman, Esq.

322. A skull, with the cervical vertebrje preserved, from the

same cemetery : $ ?

C. 504, L. 175, B. 142, Bi. 811, Nh. 50, Nw. 22, Ni. 440,
Ow. 37, Oh. 36, Oi. 973.

Presented by J. Y. Aherman, Enq.

ENGLAND.

47

323. A skull, showing considerable posthumous distortion,

found in 1875 in :i Saxon cemetery at Bishopstone, near
Aylesbury : $ .

Presented hy the Rev. Charles Loiondes, 1875.

324. A mutilated calvaria, from the same locality : d .

C. 545, L. 195, B. 145, Bi. 744.

Presented by the Rev. Charles Lowndes, 1877.

8. Of Uncertain Date, or Mode7'n.

325. A mutilated calvaria, found in the chalk at Lewisham,

showing signs of posthumous distoi'tion.

Presented hy George Busk, Esq., 1865.

326. A skull, fouad in digging a drain near Whitehall Stairs,

May 23rd, 1823 : s- 0. C. 5713.

There were two other skulls and many loose bones found
in the same spot.

C. 515, L. 182, B. 140, Bi. 769, H. 130, Hi. 714, BN. 102,
BA. 99, Ai. 971, Nh. 54, Nw. 22, Ni. 407, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi. 865, Ca. 1410.

Presented hy William Lynn, Esq., 1823.

327. A skull, dng up near St. Michael's Church, St. Albans : d" ■

It has two supernumerary upper incisor teeth, placed be-
hind the others.

C. 543, L. 193, B. 145, Bi. 751, H. 136, Hi. 705, BN. 102,
BA. 108, Ai. 1059, Nh. 58, Nw. 22, Ni. 379, Ow. 39, Oh. 36,
Oi. 923, Ca. 1600.

Presented hy the Rev. John G. Hale, 1860.

328. A skull, found in 1878, ^vith a number of others, three feet

below the surface, in a field adjoining Coldham Common,
Cambridge.

The basilar suture is not completely consolidated, and the
third molars are not yet in place. It is remarkably low in
proportion to its length; in conformity with this condition,
the ascending ramus of the mandible has little height, as was
the case with several others from the same locality.

C. 520, L. 186, B. 140, Bi. 753, H. 116, Hi. 624, BN. 101,
BA. 95, Ai. 941, Nh. 50, Nw. 25, Ni. 500, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
Oi. 919.

Presented hy E. T. Newton, Esq., 1878.

48

EUROPE.

329. The skull of an English sailor, c? •

It lias a remarkably low and retreating frontal, and a very
depressed brogmatic region.

C. 540, L. 191, B. 143, Bi. 749, H. 123, Hi. 044, BN. 102,
BA. 103, Ai. 1010, Nh. 54, Nw. 25, Ni. 463, Ow. 40, Oh. 35,
Oi. 875, Ca. 1460.

Presented hy George Busk, Esq., 1869.

330. The skull of an Englishman aged 54.

The upper part of the cranium is unsymmctrically developed,
being prominent on the right and flattened on the left side.

C. 545, L. 195, B. 142, Bi. 728, H. 145, Hi. 744, BjS^. 103,
BA. 96, Ai. 932, Nh. 52, Nw. 25, Ni. 482, Ow. 41, Oh. 36,
Oi. 878, Ca. 1730.

Prepared in 1864.

331. The skull of an Englishman about 20 years of age.

The basilar suture is closed ; but the third molars are not
fully in place, that of the right side of the lower jaw being
still within the alveolus.

C. 507, L. 179, B. 140, Bi. 782, H. 135, Hi. 755, BN. 98,
BA. 97, Ai. 990, Nh. 46, Nw. 21, Ni. 457, Ow. 36, Oh. 31,
Oi. 861, Ca. 1425.

Prepared in 1869.

332. The skull of an Englishwoman aged 27.

This and the next exhibit very weU the characters of the
feminine skull, when contrasted with the preceding specimens.

C. 512, L. 180, B. 140, Bi. 778, H. 134, Hi. 774, BN. 97,
BA. 94, Ai. 969, Nh. 44, Nw. 21, Ni. 477, Ow. 34, Oh. 31,
Oi. 912, Ca. 1410.

The pelvis of the same person is No. 161.

Prepared in 1875.

333. The skull of an Englishwoman aged 27.

C. 485, L. 173, B. 131, Bi. 767, H. 121, Hi. 699, BN. 87,
BA. 82, Ai. 943, Nh. 50, Nw. 22, Ni. 440, Ow. 36, Oh. 33,
Oi. 917, Ca. 1170.

The stylo-hyals, not yet united by bone to the tympano-hyal
processes, are preserved.

Prepared in 1870.

334. The skull of an Englishwoman aged 70.

But one tooth remains, the right lower canine. The cal-
varial sutures are aU partially consolidated.

ENGLAND.

49

C. 508, L. 178, B. 138, Bi. 775, H. 126, Hi. 708, BN. 96,
Nh. 49, Nw. 20, Ni. 408, Ow. 35, Oh. 36, Oi. 1029, Ca. 1200.

Prepared in 1877.

335. The skull of an Englishman aged 61.

Charles Nichol, formerly a clerk, and subsequently a comic
lecturer, a man of fair education and considerable dramatic
and mu.sical talent. He died in June 1877, having in his
will left his head to the Museum.

Consolidation has commenced at the lower extremities of
the coronal, the posterior end of the sagittal, and the upper
part of the lambdoidal sutiu-es.

C. 516, L. 179, B. 140, Bi. 782, H. 135, Hi. 755, BN. 98,
BA. 87, Ai. 888, Nh. 52, Nw. 21, Ni. 404, Ow. 38, Oh. 37,
Oi. 974, Ca. 1610.

Bequeathed hy Mr. C. Nichol, 1877.

336. The articulated skeleton of an Englishman, said to be that

of the notorious Jonathan Wilde, who was executed
at Tyburn, 24th of May, 1725.

Jonathan Wilde, the infamoiis thief-catcher, who had for many
years screened from justice such criminals as obeyed his orders,
and caused numbers of others to be hanged, received sentence
of death, at the Old Bailey, on May 15th, 1725, having been
convicted of receiving stolen goods, and taking a reward of
the owners for returning them without discovering the robbers.

The skeleton was accompanied by a coffin-plate, bearing the
inscription—" Mr. Jonathan Wilde, Died May 24, 1725, In
y° 42nd year of his age ;" and a letter from the donor, dated
" 22 Burton Crescent, June 18th, 1847," stated that it had
been in the possession of himself and his predecessors for
upwards of fifty years.

Height 1632 = 5 feet 4-2 inches.

Clavicle 147, humerus 328, radius 236, femur 447, tibia 345.

Cranium : C. 520, L. 185, B. 134, Bi. 724, H. 135, Hi. 730,
BN. 104, BA. 101, Ai. 971, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490, Ow. 42,
Oh. 34, Oi. 910, Ca. 1425.

Presented hy Frederick Foioler, Esq., 1847.

337. The cranium of Eugene Aram, who was executed for

murder at York in August 1759, and gibbeted in Knares-
borough Forest.

Eugene Aram was born in Yorkshire about 1710, was well
educated, and began life as a city clerk in London, but after-

E

1

50

EUKOPK.

wards set up a school at Knaresborougli. lu 1745 he con-
spired with two others to defraud certain of his neighbours of
plate and goods ; and the confederates meeting in St. Eobert's
Cave to divide their spoil, appear to have had a disagreement,
which resulted in the murder of one of them, named Clark,
whose body was buried in the cave. He was supposed to have
absconded ; but the accidental discovery of his skeleton in 1758,
and the evidence of the other confederate, led to the conviction
of Eugene Aram, who in the meanwhile had occupied the post
of usher in a school at Lynn, in Norfolk. His defence at the
trial was considered very remarkable for the ingenuity and
erudition which it displayed.

The authenticity of the skull is thoroughly well attested-, having
been obtained from the gibbet by the grandfather of the donor,
Dr. Hutchinson, a surgeon in practice at Knaresborough at the
time of the execution (see letters, dated December 9th and 15th,
1869, Museum Letter- Book, vol. ii. pp. 38, 39) ; and its condition
tends to confirm this history, as it has evidently never been
macerated. The end of the right mastoid process has been cut
off, probably in severing the head from the body. It was ex-
hibited at the Meeting of the British Association at Newcastle,
in 1838 (see Report of Transactions of Sections, p. 125).

The cranium is small, and almost feminine in appearance ; but
the mastoid processes are long, and the glabella well developed.
There are two large symmetrical Wormian bones in the lamb-
doidal suture. The sagittal suture is partially obliterated.
There is a considerable postcoronal depression,

C. 515, L. 185, B. 140, Bi. 757, H. 130, Hi. 703, BN. 102,
BA. 99, Ai. 971, Nh. 53, Nw. 22, M. 415, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1400.

Presented by the Rev. John Walker, Bradwell
Rectory, Great Yarmouth, 1869.

338. The partially articulated skeleton of an Englishman aged
31, being that of John Thurtell, a London solicitor,
executed at Hertford, Januaiy 9th, 1824, for the murder
of Mr. Weare.

The body was removed to St. Bartholomew's Hospital for
dissection ; and the skeleton was preserved by Mr. Wormald, then
Demonstrator of Anatomy.

The skidl is massive and heavy, and has remarkably large
mastoid processes, indicating great muscular development.

Clavicle 162, humerus 345, radius 248 ; femur, r. 491, L 500 ;
tibia, r. 403, I. 405.

\V A I-KS.— SCOTJ.AND.

51

Cranium : C. 535, L. 191, B. 14G, Bi. 764, H. 143, Hi. 749,
m. 107, BA. 103, Ai. 903, Nli. 52, Nw. 24, Ni. 4f30, Ow. 39,
Oh. 34, Oi. 872, Ca. 1640.

Presented by Mrs. W or mold, 1874.

b. Wales.

339. A mutilated calvaria, from a remai'kable tumulus at Porth-

y-Ddarfarch (To\vyn-y-Capel), Anglesea,

An account of the discovery of this and the two following
specimens by the Hon. W. 0. Stanley, entitled " Towyn-y-Capel
and the ruined Chapel of St. Bride, on the West Coast of Holy-
head Island, with notices of the curious interments there disco-
vered," is published in the third volume of the ' Ai'chseological
Journal of the Archfeological Institute,' 1846. The skull is
figured and described by Professor Huxley in ' Prehistoric
liemains of Caithness,' 1866.

C. 495, L. 179, B. 130, Bi. 726.

Presented hy Hon. W. 0. Stanley, 1854.

340. A still more imperfect calvaria, from the same tumulus.

C. 485, L. 171, B. 130, Bi. 760.

Presented by Hon. W. 0. Stanley, 1854.

341. The frontal and facial portion of a skull, from the same

tumulus. Presented by Hon. W. 0. Stanley, 1854.

c. Scotland.

342. A skull, found among the ruins of an ancient CuMee

Monastery at St. Andrews, 1860 : ? .

C. 505, L. 173, B. 142, Bi. 821, H. 127, Hi. 734, m. 99,
BA. 98, Ai. 990, Nh. 43, Nw. 20, Ni. 465, Ow. 40, Oh. 31,
Oi. 775, Ca. 1400.

Crania found at the same place and time are described in
" Observations upon Sixteen Ancient Human Skulls found in
Excavations made on the Kirkhill, St. Andrews, 1860," by Dr. J.
Barnard Davis, Edin. New Phil. Journ. vol. xiv. (1861) p. 191.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1866.

343. A cranium, from the same place : 2 .

The teeth are much worn. The lower part of the coronal
and hinder part of the sagittal sutures are consolidated.

C. 490, L. 173, B. 134, Bi. 775, H. 122, Hi. 705, BN. 90,

E 2

52

EUUOPE.

BA. 89, Ai. 989, Nh. 50, Nw. 26, Ni. 620, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1160.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1866.

344. A mutilated cranium, from the same place.

Slightly platybasic. The basilar suture is still open.

C. 530, L. 187, B. 140, Bi. 749, H. 118, Hi. 631, Ca. 1325.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1866.

345 & 345 A. A remarkably depressed or tapeinocephalic cranium,
and a femur, supposed to belong to the same individual :
S.

These were purchased by the donor at the sale by Messrs.
Sotheby and Co., on March 22nd, 1865, of " a collection of
Fossils and Minerals &c. formed during the last century by the
Hon. Archibald Eraser, of Lovat," and described in the catalogue
as " Skull and thigh-bone of Lord Darnley."

The internal evidence afforded by both bones conclusively
negatives their authenticity. Darnley, at the time of his death
in 1567, was about 22 years old ; and the bones are those of a
man considerably more advanced in life and of great muscular
development. The almost complete absence of frontal elevation,
which is one of the most striking features in the skull, finds no
corroboration in any of the known portraits and descriptions of
the young Earl ; and the femur could not be that of a person
invariably described as " taU," or " long," as, calculating at the
usual ratio of 27*5 to 100, it would give a height of only 5 feet
2'2 inches.

C. 633, L. 185, B. 145, Bi. 784, H. 119, Hi. 643, BN. 106,
BA. 98, Ai. 925, Nh. 55, Nw. 23, Ni. 418, Ow. 40, Oh. 40,
Oi. 1000, Ca. 1350.

Length of femur 434.

Presented by J. W. Belt, Esq., 1869.

346. The skull of a man, described as that of " a Highlander or
Celtic Scot." 0. C. 5731.

C. 513, L. 178, B. 142, Bi. 798, H. 137, Hi. 770, BN. 94,
BA. 95, Ai. 1011, Nh. 46, Nw. 24, Ni. 522, Ow. 36, Oh. 29,
Qi. 806, Ca. 1520.

From the Collection of George Langstaff, Esq.

Purchased, 1835.

IRELAND. — FRANCE

53

347. A cast of a mutilated cniiiium, from the bed of the river

Nore, at Borris, in Queen's County : d .

Described and figured by Professor Huxley in ' Prehistoric
Remains of Caithness,' 1866, figs. 60 & 61.

C. 562, L. 199, B. 147, Bi. 744, H. 138, Hi. 693.

Presented hy Professor Huxley, 1866.

348. The cast of a cranium found with the above.

C. 538, L. 191, B. 142, Bi. 743.

Presented hy Pi'ofessor Huxley, 1866.

349. The cast of a mutilated cranium from the bed of the Black-

water River, in Armagh, " strikingly similar to the
Muskham cranium (No. 289) in its general characters."
C. 520, L. 181, B. 142, Bi. 785.

Presented hy Professor Huxley, 1866.

350. The cast of another cranium from the same locality.

C. 542, L. 186, B. 153, Bi. 823.

Presented by Professor Huxley, 1866.

B. France.
a. Ancient.

The following (Nos. 351 to 358 inclusive) are casts from remains of
prehistoric inhabitants of Perigord, discovered in 1868 by M. Lartet at
Cro-Magnon, Vallee de la Vezere, described by Broca and Pruner Bey
in ' Reliquiae Aquitanicae ' and ' Bull. Soc. d'Anthrop. de Paris,' 2° ser.
t. iii. (1868), and by Quatrefages and Hamy in ' Crania Ethnica.' The
originals are in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle at Paris.

351. Cast of skull, with humerus, ulna, carinated femur, platy-

cnemic tibia, and fibula. Marked " No. 1, c? •"

Figured in Quatrefages and Hamy's ' Crania Ethnica,' plates
iii., iv., and v. Described at p. 45.

352. Cast of cranium, marked " No. 2, $ ."

' Crania Ethnica,' p. 81, fig 80 & 81.

353. Cast of calvaria, with portion of lower jaw and tibia,

marked No. 3 d
' Crania Ethnica,' p. 50.

Presented hy the " Professeurs Administrateurs
du Musee d^Histoire Naturelle a Paris,''' per
M. de Quatrefages, 1873.

54

EUROl'K.

354. The cast of tlie right ramus of a mandible found by M.

Boucher de Perthes in the gravel at Moulin-Quignon,

near Abbeville, March 28, 1863.

See " An Account of the Proceedings of the late Conference
held in France to inquire into the circumstances attending the
asserted discovery of a Human Jaw in the gravel at Moulin-
Quignon, near Abbeville ; including the Proces-Verbaux of the
Sittings of the Conference, with notes thereon," by H. Falconer,
G. Busk, and W. B. Carpenter, ' Natural History Review,' July
1863, p. 423. Also Dr. H. Falconer " On the Evidence in the
case of the controverted Human Jaw and Flint Implements at
Moulin-Quignon," ' Palseontological Memoirs,' vol. ii. p. 601
(1868).

Presented by the " Professeurs Admmistrateurs
du Musee d''Histoire Naturelle a Paris," per
M. de Quatrefages, 1873.

355. The cast of a portion of a mandible found at Moulin-

Quignon in 1864. Presented by the same, 1873.

356. A cranium from a Gallo-Roman cemetery at St. Aclieul,

near Amiens, in the brick-earth above the flint-bearing
beds of the Somme valley : S .

In each orbit is a coin of the Emperor Magnentius, struck at
Ambianum (Amiens). The adjacent bone is deeply stained
with copper. Coflfin-nails and angle-irons were found with the
human remains in the cemetery, some of which are deposited in
a drawer in the Museum.

C. 543, L. 194, B. 142, Bi. 732, H. 138, Hi. 711, BN. 107,
BA. 100, Ai. 935, Nh. 56, Nw. 26, M. 434, Ow. 35, Oh. 34,
Oi. 971, Ca. 1650.

Presented by Henry Christy, Esq., 1865.

357. A calvaria from the same cemetery : (S .

C. 550, L. 193, B. 145, Bi. 751, H. 138, Hi. 715, Ca. 1625.

Presented by Henry Christy, Esq., 1865.

358. A skull obtained from a Gallo-Roman cemetery at St.

Acheul, by Sir John Lubbock, Bart. : d .

C. 508, L. 181, B. 134, Bi. 740, H. 126, Hi. 696, BN. 97,
BA. 97, Ai. 1000, Nh. 49, Nw. 25, Ni. 510, Ow. 37, Oh. 29,
Oi. 784, Ca. 1260.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1868.

FKANCK.

55

b. Modem.

" The following twelve specimens (Nos. 359 to 370 inclusive) wore
extracted from the Catacombs at Paris, and are therefore probably
French. In the first six the frontal suture is persistent * ; and in
Tuost of them the high, broad, rather short, subspherical form of the
cranium prevails." — 0. C. p. 883.

359. A metopic cranium. 0. C. 5719. d" •

C. 530, L. 180, B. 150, Bi. 833, BN. 95, BA. 95, Ai. 1000,
Nh. 50, Nw. 30, Ni. GOO, Ow. 40, Oh. 32, Oi. 800.

Presented hj Dr. W. E. Leach, 1827.

360. A metopic cranium. 0. C. 5720. 6 ■

The outer alveolar plate has been removed from the teeth in
place, showing the great length of the root of the canine, and
that the first premolar has its outer root double, while in the
second it is single.

C. 523, L. 180, B. 146, Bi. 811, H. 135, Hi. 750, BN". 100,
BA. 94, Ai. 940, Nh. 54, Nw. 24, Ni. 444, Ow. 43, Oh. 36,
Oi. 837, Ca. 1500.

Presented by Dr. Leach, 1827.

361. A metopic cranium, wanting the occipital bone. 0. C.

5721. 6.

BN. 96, BA. 90, Ai. 938, Nh. 53, Nw. 24, Ni. 453, Ow. 37,
Oh. 33, Oi. 892.

Presented by Dr. Leach, 1827.

362. A metopic cranium. 0. C. 5722. $ .

C. 493, L. 167, B. 145, Bi. 868, H. 122, Hi. 731, BN. 95,
BA. 93, Ai. 979, Nh. 51, Nw. 22, Ni. 431, Ow. 35, Oh. 32,
Oi. 914, Ca. 1385.

Presented by Dr. Leach, 1827.

363. A metopic cranium. 0. C. 5723. $ .

C. 520, L. 184, B. 136, Bi. 739, H. 127, Hi. 690, BN. 90,
Nh. 52, Nw. 20, Ni. 386, Ow. 36, Oh. 35, Oi. 972, Ca. 1410.

Presented by Dr. Leach, 1827.

* These were probably selected on that account. In the edition of the
Catalogue of 1831 the following passage occurs : — " It was a curious remark
made by Dr. Leach, and others who have examined that immense collection
of crania and other bones in the catacombs at Paris, that the number of
adidt skidls in which the frontal suture remained unobliterated was so con-
siderable that, from a calculation made on the spot, he estimated the pro-
portion to be at least one in eleven."

Regalia has observed 141 cases of metopiam in 1545 Italian crania in the
National Museum of Anthropology at Florence — almost exactly the same
proportion as that mentioned above. (Archiv. per Antropologia, vol. viii.
p. 465, 1878.)

5G

EUKOPE.

3G4. A metopic cruiiiuiu. 0. 0. 5724. cS !*

C. 500, L. 175, B. 137, Bi. 783, H. 126, Hi. 720, BN. 96,
Nh. 52, Nw. 26, Ni. 500, Ow. 39, Oh. 35, Oi. 897, Ca. 1150.

Presented by Dr. Leach, 1827.

365. A cranium. 0. C. 5725. 6-

C. 518, L. 180, B. 147, Bi. 817, H. 140, Hi. 778, BN. 98,
BA. 87, Ai. 888, Nh. 51, Nw. 21, Ni. 412, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
Oi. 919, Ca. 1650.

Presented by Dr. Leach, 1827.

366. A cranium. 0. C. 5726. 6 ?

C. 512, L. 178, B. 138, Bi. 775, H. 134, Hi. 753, BN. 92,
Nh. 48, Nw. 23, Ni. 479, Oh. 35, Ow. 33, Oi. 943, Ca. 1450.

Presented by Dr. Leach.

367. A cranium. 0. C. 5727.

C. 512, L. 185, B. 133, Bi. 719, H. 132, Hi. 714, BN. 104,
BA. 98, Ai. 942, Nh. 50, Nw. 26, Ni. 520, Ow. 40, Oh. 30, Oi.
750, Ca. 1360.

Presented by Dr. Leach, 1827.

368. A cranium. 0. C. 5728.

The basioccipital presents a median articular sui-face for the
atlas, on the anterior border of the foramen magnum.

C. 515, L. 180, B. 142, Bi. 789, H. 129, Hi. 717, BN. 93,
BA. 89, Ai. 957, Nh. 48, Nw. 23, Ni. 479, Ow. 38, -Oh. 33,
Oi. 868, Ca. 1375.

Presented by Dr. Leach, 1827.

369. A cranium. 0. C. 5729.

C. 492, L. 179, B. 131, Bi, 732, H. 120, Hi. 670, BN. 96,
BA. 93, Ai. 969, Nh. 45, Nw. 23, Ni. 511, Ow. 38, Oh. 31, Oi.
816, Ca. 1200.

Presented by Dr. Leach, 1827.

370. A cranium. 0. C. 5730.

C. 487, L. 178, B. 130, Bi. 730, H. 123, Hi. 691, BN. 95,
BA. 86, Ai. 905, Nh. 48, Nw. 20, Ni. 417, Ow. 37, Oh. 36, Oi.
973, Ca. 1220.

Presented by Dr. Leach, 1827.

THE tiPANISH PUNINSULA.

57

C. The Spanish Peninsula,
a. Ancient.

371. A mutilated cranium, remarkable for the low retreating

forehead, prominent supraorbital ridges, and peculiar
conformation of the maxillae.

From a quarry behind " Forbes Battery," in tlie brocciated
talus under the North Front of the Rock of Gibraltar.

See Broca " Cranes et Ossements huraaines dos Cavernes de
Gibraltar," ' Bullet, de la Soc. d'Anthropol. de Paris,' 18 Fev.,
1869, 2* ser. t. vi. pp. 146-148. Kepriuted in ' Me'moires
d'Anthropologie,' t. ii. p. 370, fig. 55 (p. 377).

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1868.

372. A cranium found by Captain Brome in the Genista Cave, •

Gibraltar : d •

See " On the Caves of Gibraltar in which Human Eemains
and Works of Ai*t have been found," by G. Busk, in ' Transac-
tions of the International Congress of Prehistoric Archaeology,'
1868 (Norwich meeting). This cranium is described at p. 162,
and figured in pi. vii. figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4.

C. 522, L. 185, B. 140, Bi. 757, H. 142, Hi. 768, Ca. 1600.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1868.

373. A cranium from the same locality : c? .

Described and figured in the memoir cited above, pi. vii. figs.
5, 6, 7, and 8.

C. 525, L. 186, B. 141, Bi. 758, H. 140, Hi. 753, Ca. 1630.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1868.

374. A cranium found by Sir James Cochrane in the " Judge's

Cave," Gibraltar : d ?

See Busk, loc. cit. p. 147, figs. 9, 10, and 11.
The upper margin of the left squamosal contains two distinct
ossifications. The right side is normal.

C. 468, L. 170, B. 137, Bi. 806, H. 133, Hi. 782, Ca. 1270.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1868.

58

EUROPK.

D. Italy.
a. Ancient.

375. A mutilated cranium from Fasano (ancient Gnat/da ), Bar! :

6.

BN. 97, BA. 92, Ai. 948, Nh. 53, Nw. 23, Ni. 434, Ow. 41,
Oh. 36, Oi. 878.

Nicolucci Collection *. Purchased, 1870.

376. A cranium from Rugge (ancient Budice), near Lecce, Pro-

vince of Otrauto : <S •
C. 534, L. 193, B. 142, Bi. 736, H. 140, Hi. 725.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

377. A skull from Ceglie (ancient Ccelium), Province of Otranto:

?.

The squamosals of both sides join the frontal bone.

C. 500, L. 179, B. 135, Bi. 755, H. 122, Hi. 682, BJf. 94,
BA. 92, Ai. 979, Nh. 50, Nw. 20, Ni. 400, Ow. 39, Oh. 38,
Oi. 974.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

" The above three skuUs (375, 376, and 377) belong to the lajjigi,
and are the only known examples of the race" (G. Nicolucci).

378. A skull from Capua, Terra di Lavoro. From a tomb of

the first or second century B.C.

C. 527, L. 190, B. 140. Bi. 737, H. 135, Hi. 711, BN. 103,
Nh. 51, Nw. 24, Ni. 471, Ow. 36, Oh. 35, Oi. 972.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

379. A cranium from Cassino, Terra di Lavoro. From a tomb

of the sixth century of the Christian era. J •

C. 503, L. 175, B. 138, Bi. 789, H. 130, Hi. 743, Nh. 48,
Nw. 24, Ni. 600, Ow. 38, Oh. 32, Oi. 842.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

380. A mutilated cranium from Cassino. From a tomb of the

sixth century of the Chi'istian era. $ .
C. 515, L. 184, B. 138, Bi. 750.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

* A collection of 38 ancient and 114 modern Italian, and 4 ancient and
10 modern Greek skulls, purchased in 1870 from Dr. Giustiniano Nico-
Lrcci, of Isola di Sora (Terra di Lavoro), Italy. The localities are given
on the authority of Dr. Nicolucci.

ITALY.

59

The fifteen following specimens (Nos. 381 to 395 inclusive) were
collected in the ancient necropolis of Aqiiinum. They are not older
than two centuries before, nor more modern than two centuries after,
the Christian era.

381. A skull from Aquino (ancient Aquimmi), Terra di Lavoro :

2 ?

The right squamosal touches the frontal.

C. 505, L. 174, B. 145, Bi. 833, H. 127, Hi. 730, BN. 85,
EA. 88, Ai. 1035, Nh. 45, Nw. 23, Ni. 511, Ow. 36, Oh. 31,
Oi. 861, Ca. 1400.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

382. A skull from Aquino : $ ?

C. 507, L. 174, B. 147, Bi. 845, H. 132, Hi. 759, m. 94,
BA. 89, Ai. 947, Nh. 47, Nw. 26, Ni. 553, Ow. 37, Oh. 31,
Oi. 838, Ca. 1475.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

383. A skull from Aquino : d ?

C. 510, L. 168, B. 150, Bi. 893, H. 127, Hi. 756, BN. 93,
BA. 87, Ai. 935 Nh. 54, Nw. 25, Ni. 463, Ow. 39, Oh. 37,
Oi. 949.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

384. A skull from Aquino : c? •

C. 525, L. 186, B. 137, Bi. 737, H. 148, Hi. 796, BN. 10G>
BA. 98, Ai. 925, Nh. 52, Nw. 24, Ni. 460, Ow. 40, Oh. 34,
Oi. 850, Ca. 1570.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

385. A calvaria from Aquino.

C. 492, L. 165, B. 140, Bi. 848, H. 121, Hi. 733.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

386. A skull from Aquino : c?>

C. 556, L. 196, B. 146, Bi. 737. H. 148, Hi. 747, BN. Ill,
BA. 104, Ai. 937, Nh. 56, Nw. 27, Ni. 482, Ow. 41, Oh. 37,
Oi. 902.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

387. A skull from Aquino : 6 •

C. 556, L. 197, B. 155, Bi. 787, H. 144, Hi. 731, BN. 108,
BA. 105, Ai. 972, Nh. 63, Nw. 25, Ni. 472, Ow. 41, Oh. 36,
Oi. 878,. Ca. 1670.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

EUKOPK.

388. A skull from Aquino : ? .

C. 503, L. 178, B. 143, Bi. 803, H. 136, Hi. 764, BN. 99,
BA. 93, Ai. 939, Nh. 48, Nw. 21, Ni. 438, Ow. 38, Oh. 32,
Oi. 842, Ca. 1320.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

389. A skull from Aquino : c? .

C. 535, L. 190, B. 145, Bi. 763, H. 140, Hi. 737, BN. 106,
BA. 103, Ai. 972, Nh. 51, Nw. 23, Ni. 451, Ow. 41, Oh. 34,
Oi. 829, Ca. 1480.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

390. A calvarium from Aquino : d .

Metopic.

C. 508, L. 180, B. 138, Bi. 767.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

391. A skull from Aquino : ^ ?

C. 505, L. 178, B. 141, Bi. 792, H. 129, Hi. 725, BN. 94,
BA. 90, Ai. 957, Nh. 50, Nw. 21, Ni. 420, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1375.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

392. A calvarium from Aquino : ? .

C. 513, L. 180, B. 140, Bi. 778, H. 130, Hi. 722, Ca. 1390.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

393. The cranium of an aged person from Aquino, c? .

The calvarial sutures are aU obliterated ; the teeth are lost,
and the alveoli absorbed.

C. 520, L. 182, B. 142, Bi. 780, H. 127, Hi. 698.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

394. A skull from Aquino : $ .

The left squamosal articulates with the frontal.

C. 504, L. 180, B. 132, Bi. 733, H. 131, Hi. 728, BN. 104,
BA. 96, Ai. 923, Nh. 49, Nw. 23, Ni. 469, Ow. 37, Oh. 33,
Oi. 892, Ca. 1310.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

395. A skull from Aquino : d .

C. 525, L. 179, B. 151, Bi. 844, H. 131, Hi. 732, BN. 101,
BA. 97, Ai. 960, Nh. 52, Nw. 24, Ni. 460, Ow. 40, Oh. 36,
Oi. 900, Ca. 1520.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

396. A mutilated skull from a tomb of the third century of the

ITALY, 61

Christian em, on the Via Latina, Isola di Sora (Prov. di
Terra di Lavoro).
C. 515, L. 178, B. 141, Bi. 792.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

397. A cranium from a tomb of the third century, on the Via

Latina, Isola di Sora : § .

The right squamosal touches the frontal.

C. 507, L. 177, B. 140, Bi. 791, H. 130, Hi. 734.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

398. A mutilated skull from a tomb of the third century, on the

Via Latina, Isola di Sora : 6 .
C. 520, L. 179, B. 144, Bi. 804.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

399. A cranium from a tomb on the Via Latina, Isola di Sora :

cJ.

C. 525, L. 183, B. 145, Bi. 792.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

400. A cranium from a tomb of the ninth century after Christ,

at Bamo, Province of Frosinone : $ ?

C. 480, L. 167, B. 130, Bi. 778, Nh. 43, N"w. 22, Ni. 512,
Ow. 36, Oh. 30, Oi. 833, Ca. 1230.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

401. The mutilated skull of a child about 7 years of age, from a

tomb anterior to the Christian era, at Arpino (Arpinum),
Terra di Lavoro.

The milk-teeth and first permanent molars are in place.
L. 169, B. 125, Bi. 740.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

402. A skull from Ostia : d.

C. 525, L. 182, B. 148, Bi. 813, H. 133, Hi. 731, BN. 103,
BA. 98, Ai. 951, Nh. 49, Nw. 21, Ni. 429, Ow. 38, Oh. 32,
Oi. 842.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

403. A skull from Rome ( Via Latina) : d •

C. 532, L. 184, B. 149, Bi. 810, H. 135, Hi. 734, BN. 93,
BA. 88, Ai. 946, Nh. 51, TsV. 24, Ni. 471, Ow. 38, Oh. 32,
Oi. 842, Ca. 1600.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

62

EUKOPK.

404. A skull from Rome (Via Latina):

C. 530, L. 182, B. 148, Bi. 813, H. 135, Hi. 742, BN. 102,
BA. 93, Ai. 912, Nh. 51, Nw. 25, Ni. 490, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1590.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

405. A skull from Rome ( Via Appia): 6.

C. 530, L. 183, B. 148, Bi. 809, H. 138, Hi. 754, BN. 108,
BA. 99, Ai. 917, Nh. 56, Nw. 23, Ni. 411, Ow. 41, Oh. 37,
Oi. 902, Ca. 1575.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

406. A cranium from a tomb in the ancient Alba Fucensis : $ .

C. 502, L. 175, B. 135, Bi. 771, H. 125, Hi. 714, BN. 103,
BA. 99, Ai. 961, Nh. 47, Nw. 23, Ni. 489, Oh. 36, Ow. 33,
Oi. 917, Ca. 1270.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

407. A skull from a tomb of the fourth century of the Christian

era at Falerone (ancient Valeria Picena), Province of
Ascoli : (S .

C. 533, L. 180, B. 153, Bi. 850, H. 143, Hi. 794, BN. 105,
BA. 98, Ai. 933, Nh. 58, Nw. 27, Ni. 465, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1700.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

408. The skull of a child from a tomb of the fourth century at

Falerone (Valeria Piceiid).

The permanent incisors are in place ; but the posterior milk-
molars have not been shed.

C. 508, L. 177, B. 143, Bi. 808, H. 124, Hi. 701, Nh. 52,
Nw. 22, Ni. 423, Ow. 38, Oh. 37, Oi. 974.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

409. A cranium from Terracina, Province of Velletri ; from a

sepulture anterior to the Christian era : (S .

C. 545, L. 185, B. 153, Bi. 827, H. 133, Hi. 719, BN. 100,
BA. 91, Ai. 910, Ow. 41, Oh. 36, Oi. 878, Ca. 1690.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

410. A skull from Ancona : 6 .

C. 513, L. 180, B. 140, Bi. 778, H. 132, Hi. 733, BN. 99,
BA. 93, Ai. 939, Nh. 51, Nw. 23, Ni. 451, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1475.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

ITALY.

63

411. A cast of a skull found in a ionib anterior to the Christian

era, at Modena : d •
C. 558, L. 201, B. 147, Bi. 731.

Nicohicci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

412. A skull from an ancient tomb in the Agra Canavesano,

near Turin, a region inhabited by the Salassi, a people of
Celtic origin : 6 .
" From Professor Garbigliotti."

C. 492, L. 173, B. 132, Bi. 763, H. 130, Hi. 751, BN. 98,
BA. 94, Ai. 959, Nh. 48, Nw. 21, Ni. 438, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 868, Ca. 1270.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

b. Modern.

413. The skull of a child from Lecce, Province of Otranto.

All the milk-teeth are in place, with the first permanent
molars.

C. 457, L. 165, B. 123, Bi. 745, H. 122, Hi. 740, BN. 81,
BA. 74, Ai. 913, Nh. 39, Nw. 19, Ni. 487, Ow. 34, Oh. 29,
Oi. 853.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

414. The skull of an aged person from Lecce : $ .

The teeth have nearly aU been lost during Ufe, and the
coronal and sagittal sutures are partially ossified.

C. 455, L. 177, B. 128, Bi. 723, H. 129, Hi. 729, BN. 93,
Nh. 47, Nw. 24, Ni. 511, Ow. 36, Oh. 30, Oi. 833, Ca. 1205.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

415. A skull from Lecce : S •

Metopic.

C. 520, L. 182, B. 140, Bi. 769, H. 129, Hi. 709, BN. 99,
BA. 97, Ai. 980, Nh. 49, Nw. 22, Ni. 449, Ow. 40, Oh. 32,
Oi. 800, Ca. 1440.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

416. A skull from Lecce : 6 •

The calvarial sutures are almost obliterated.

C. 618, L. 183, B. 142, Bi. 776, H. 138, Hi. 754, BN. 110,
BA. 108, Ai. 982, Nh. 54, Nw. 27, Ni. 500, Oh. 38, Ow. 33,
Oi. 868, Ca. 1420.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

64

EUROl'K.

417. A skull from Lecce : 2 •

C. 457, L. 158, B. 130, Bi. 823, H. 119, Hi. 753, BN. 84,
BA. 82, Ai. 976, Nh. 50, Nw. 21, Ni. 420, Ow. 35, Oh. 32,
Oi. 914, Ca. 1050.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

418. A skull from Naples : 2 .

Metopic.

C. 474, L. 168, B. 124, Bi. 738, H. 118, Hi. 702, BN. 99,
BA. 101, Ai. 1020, Nh. 45, Nw. 19, Ni. 422, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi. 865, Ca. 1090.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

419. A skull from Naples : 6 .

A thick- walled heavy cranium, presenting a moderate degree
of platybasic or plastic deformation. The sagittal suture is
completely obliterated, and the coronal and lambdoidal sutures
very simple.

C. 523, L. 183, B. 142, Bi. 776, H. 134, Hi. 732, BN. 106,
BA. Ill, Ai. 1047, Nh. 50, Nw. 26, Ni. 520, Ow. 39, Oh. 33,
Oi. 846, Ca. 1450.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

420. A skull from Naples : 6 .

Metopic.

C. 500, L. 170, B. 145, Bi. 853, H. 129, Hi. 759, BN. 93,
BA. 91, Ai. 978, Nh. 49, Nw. 20, Ni. 408, Ow. 38, Oh. 31,
Oi. 816, Ca. 1250.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

421. A skull of a young person from Naples : 6 •

The basilar suture is still open, and the third molars are
coming into place.

C. 515, L. 186, B. 139, Bi. 747, H. 139, Hi. 747, BN. 106,
BA. 95, Ai. 896, Nh. 49, Nw. 27, Ni. 551, Ow. 40, Oh. 31,
Oi. 775.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

422. A skull from Benevento : 6 .

C. 520, L. 187, B. 140, Bi. 749, H. 145, Hi. 775, BN. 107,
BA. 100, Ai. 935, Nh. 54, Nw. 25, Ni. 463, Ow. 41, Oh. 32,
Oi. 780, Ca. 1520.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

ITALY.

65

423. A skull from Benevento: $?

The mastoid and styloid processes are much developed ; but
all the other characters are feminine. The left squamosal
articulates with the frontal by a broad process ; the right
approaches very near to it.

C. 482, L. 167, B. 135, Bi. 808, H. 127, Hi. 760, BN. 92,
BA. 87, Ai. 946, Nh. 45, Nw. 20, Ni. 444, Ow. 36, Oh. 37,
Oi. 1028, Ca. 1245.

Nicolucci Collection. Pu7'chased, 1870.

424. A cranium from Fondi, Terra di Lavoro : S •

C. 482, L. 174, B. 124, Bi. 713, H. 132, Hi. 759, BN. 99,
BA. 95, Ai. 960, Nh. 48, Nw. 24, Ni. 500, Ow. 39, Oh. 31,
Oi. 795, Ca. 1150.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

425. A cranium from Fondi : (S .

C. 522, L. 179, B. 145, Bi. 810, H. 142, Hi. 793, BN. 103,
BA. 104, Ai. 1010, Nh. 54, Nw. 26, Ni. 481, Ow. 40, Oh. 36,
Oi. 900, Ca. 1640.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

426. A cranium from Fondi : S .

C. 507, L. 177, B. 137, Bi. 774, H. 134, Hi. 757, BN. 102,
BA. 97, Ai. 951, Nh. 52, Nw. 26, Ni. 500, Oh. 37, Ow. 33,
Oi. 892, Ca. 1330.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

427. A skull from Cassino, Terra di Lavoro : s •

C. 520, L. 181, B. 145, Bi. 801, H. 129, Hi. 713, BN. 107,
BA. 102, Ai. 953, Nb. 54, Nw. 22, Ni. 407, Oh. 41, Ow. 34,
Oi. 829, Ca. 1530.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

428. A skull from Pontecorvo, Terra di Lavoro : $ .

C. 497, L. 174, B. 141, Bi. 810, H. 126, Hi. 724, BN. 92,
BA. 88, Ai. 957, Nh. 48, Nw. 22, Ni. 458, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi. 865, Ca. 12.50.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

429. A cranium from Lsoletta, Terra di Lavoro : (S •

C. 484, L. 166, B. 139, Bi. 837, H. 135, Hi. 813, BN. 105,
BA. 96, Ai. 914, Nh. 50, Nw. 23, Ni. 460, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 868, Ca. 1320.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

F

66

EUROPE.

430. A skull from Isoletta : ^ .

C. 505, L. 179, B. 140, Bi. 782, H. 128, Hi. 715, BN. 98,
BA. 99, Ai. 1010, Nh. 49, Nw. 23, Ni. 469, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1425.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

431. A cranium from Ceprano, Province of Frosinone : cJ ,

C. 532, L. 190, B. 148, Bi. 779, H. 136, Hi. 716, BN. 101,
BA. 97, Ai. 960, Nh. 46, Nw. 25, Ni. 543, Ow. 41, Oh. 32,
Oi. 780, Ca. 1630.

Nicolucci Collection. Pui'chased, 1870.

432. A cranium from Ceprano : .

Metopic.

C. 515, L. 180, B. 143, Bi. 794, H. 130, Hi. 722, BN. 109,
BA. 105, Ai. 963, Nh. 57, Nw. 28, Ni. 491, Ow. 40, Oh. 36,
Oi. 900, Ca. 1425.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

433. A cranium from Ceprano: cT.

C. 515, L. 172, B. 147, Bi. 855, H. 134, Hi. 779, BN. 97,
BA. 92, Ai. 948, Nh. 55, Nw. 24, Ni. 436, Ow. 37, Oh. 35,
Oi. 946, Ca. 1440.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

434. The skull of a young person from Isola di Sora, Terra di

Lavoro.

The basilar suture is open ; and the last molars are not in
place. The right upper premolars are both misplaced, being
side by side and rotated on their axes.

C. 465, L. 158, B. 135, Bi. 854, H. 140, Hi. 886, BN. 98,
BA. 92, Ai. 939, Nh. 44, Nw. 21, Ni. 477, Ow. 34, Oh. 30,
Oi. 882.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

435. A skull from Isola di Sora: 6 .

C. 512, L. 174, B. 150, Bi. 862, H. 138, Hi. 793, BN. 100,
BA. 93, Ai. 930, Nh. 55, Nw. 23, Ni. 418, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1475.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

436. A skuU from Isola di Sora : c??

C. 482, L. 165, B. 139, Bi. 842, H. 127, Hi. 770, BN. 97,
BA. 94, Ai. 969, Nh. 44, Nw. 22, Ni. 500, Ow. 40, Oh. 30,
Oi. 750, Ca. 1280.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

ITALY.

67

437. A skull from Isola di Sora : cf .

The right squamosal just touches the frontal.

C. 548, L. 190, B. 153, Bi. 805, H. 135, Hi. 711, BN. 100,
BA. 93, Ai. 930, Nh. 51, Nw. 26, Ni. 510, Ow. 39, Oh. 36,
Oi. 923, Ca. 1720.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

438. A cranium from Isola di Sora : 6 .

C. 525, L. 178, B. 147, Bi. 826, H. 137, Hi. 770, BN. 102,
BA. 96, Ai. 941, Nh. 55, Nw. 23, Ni. 418, Ow. 40, Oh. 34,
Oi. 850, Ca. 1600.

Nicohicci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

439. A skull from Isola di Sora : 6 .

There is a large Wormian bone in the right fronto-parietai
suture; and the posterior external angle of the left parietal
appears to have ossified from a separate centre.

C. 526, L. 183, B. 145, Bi. 792, H. 140, Hi. 765, BN. 97,
BA. 92, Ai. 948, Nh. 50, Nw. 24, Ni. 480, Ow. 39, Oh. 32,
Oi. 820, Ca. 1590.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

440. The skull of a child from Isola di Sora.

The permanent incisors are in place ; but the upper milk-
molars are still retained.

C. 485, L. 170, B. 140, Bi. 824, H. 130, Hi. 765, BN. 93,
BA. 91, Ai. 978, Nh. 43, Nw. 20, Ni. 465, Ow. 35, Oh. 29,
Oi. 829.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

441. A cranium from Isola di Sora : $ .

It is metopic, and has a considerable bregmatic depression.

C. 498, L. 175, B. 137, Bi. 783, H. 120, Hi. 686, BN. 94,
BA. 88, Ai. 936, Nh. 47, Nw. 24, Ni. 511, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1220.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

442. A skull from Isola di Sora : 6 .

C. 507, L. 167, B. 150, Bi. 898, H. 134, Hi. 802, BN. 94,
BA. 98, Ai. 1043, Nh. 55, Nw. 24, Ni. 436, Ow. 38, Oh. 32,
Oi. 842, Ca. 1475.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

443. A skull from Isola di Sora : 6 .

The left squamosal just touches the frontal.

F 2

G8

EUROPK.

C. 498, L. 168, B. 143, Bi. 851, H. 130, Hi. 774, BN. 90,
BA. 87, Ai. 967, Nh. 50, Nw. 25, Ni. 500, Ow. 37, Oh. 31,
Oi. 838, Ca. 1380.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

444. A skull from Isola di Sora : 6 .

It has a large, median, nearly symmetrical, lozenge-shaped
independent ossification at the bregma.

C. 512, L. 172, B. 144,' Bi. 837, H. 135, Hi. 785, BN. 101,
BA. 96, Ai. 950, Nh. 51, Nw. 22, Ni. 431, Ow. 37, Oh. 30,
Oi. 811, Ca. 1420.

Nicolucd Collection. Puo'chased, 1870.

445. A cranium from Isola di Sora: $ .

C. 492, L. 165, B. 144, Bi. 873, H. 129, Hi. 781, BN. 98,
BA. 93, Ai. 949, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490, Ow. 37, Oh. 29,
Oi. 784, Ca. 1320.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

446. A cranium from Isola di Sora : S .

C. 525, L. 182, B. 148, Bi. 813, H. 132, Hi. 725, BN. 97,
BA. 90, Ai. 928, Nh. 47, Nw. 23, Ni. 489, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,.
Oi. 895, Ca. 1590.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

447. A skull from Isola di Sora.

C. 465, L. 158, B. 133, Bi. 842, H. 122, Hi. 772, BN. 95,
BA. 97, Ai. 1021, Nh. 49, Nw. 23, Ni. 469, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi. 865, Ca. 1140.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.'

448. A cranium from Isola di Sora : 6 .

Metopic.

C. 515, L. 182, B. 140, Bi. 769, H. 134, Hi. 736, BN. 104,
BA. 103, Ai. 990, Nh. 53, Nw. 23, Ni. 434, Ow. 40, Oh. 31,
Oi. 775, Ca. 1390.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

449. A skull from Isola di Sora : S .

C. 530, L. 183, B. 153, Bi. 836, H. 147, Hi. 803, BN. 99,
BA. 88, Ai. 889, Nh. 52, Nw. 24, Ni. 460, Ow. 40, Oh. 34,
Oi. 850, Ca. 1750.

Nicohicci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

ITALY. 69

450. The cranium of an old person from Isola di Sora : $ .

All the teeth have been lost during life. The coronal suture
is partially obliterated.

C. 518, L. 184, B. 143, Bi. 777, H. 133, Hi. 723, Ca. 1520.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

451. A skull from Isola di Sora: 6.

The occiput is flattened, as if from pressure in infancy. The
sagittal and lambdoidal sutures are almost obliterated.

C. 522, L. 173, B. 157, Bi. 908, H. 142, Hi. 821, BN. 102,
BA. 97, Ai. 951, Nh. 49, Nw. 25, Wi. 510, Ow. 39, Oh. 32,
Oi. 820, Ca. 1680.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

452. A skull from Isola di Sora : ? .

C. 502, L. 181, B. 134, Bi. 740, H. 130, Hi. 718, BN. 95,
BA. 91, Ai. 958, Nh. 49, Nw. 21, Ni. 429, Ow. 39, Ob. 35,
Oi. 897, Ca. 1330.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

453. A cranium from Isola di Sora : 6 .

C. 518, L. 180, B. 146, Bi. 811, H. 133, Hi. 739, B^f. 104,
BA. 97, Ai. 933, Nh. 49, Nw. 27, Ni. 551, Ow. 39, Oh. 33,
Oi. 846, Ca. 1430.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

454. A cranium from Arpino, Terra di Lavoro : d .

C. 538, L. 189, B. 145, Bi. 767, H. 140, Hi. 741, BN. Ill,
BA. 103, Ai. 928, Nh. 55, Nw. 24, Ni. 436, Ow. 44, Oh. 36,
Oi. 818, Ca. 1635.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

455. A cranium from Arpino : d ,

C. 540, L. 188, B. 155, Bi. 824, H. 129, Hi. 686, BN. 103,
BA. 105, Ai. 1019, Nh. 55, Nw. 26, Ni. 473, Ow. 41, Oh. 37,
Oi. 902, Ca. 1670.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

456. A skull from Arpino : <S .

C. 497, L. 175, B. 137, Bi. 783, H. 132, Hi. 754, BN. 104,
Nh. 53, Nw. 27, Ni. 509, Ow. 43, Oh. 34, Oi. 791, Ca. 1220.

Nicolucd Collection. Purchased, 1870.

457. A skull from Arpino: 6.

C. 528, L. 188, B. 142, Bi. 755, H. 143, Hi. 761, BN. 108,

70

EUROPE.

BA. 99, Ai. 917, Nh. 56, Nw. 23, Ni. 411, Ow. 40, Oh. 34,
Oi. 850, Ca. 1600.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

458. A cranium from Arpino : S .

C. 503, L. 170, B. 144, Bi. 847, H. 132, Hi. 776, BN. 103,
BA. 98, Ai. 951, Nh. 53, Nw. 25, Ni. 472, Ow. 40, Oh. 31,
Oi. 775, Ca. 1370.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

459. A skull of an aged person from Arpino : ? .

All the teeth have been lost ; but the calvarial sutures are
only partially closed.

C. 502, L. 176, B. 142, Bi. 807, H. 126, Hi. 716, BN. 92,
Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490, Ow. 34, Oh. 33, Oi. 971, Ca. 1400.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

460. A skull from Arpino : 6 .

C. 510, L. 179, B. 141, Bi. 788, H. 124, Hi. 693, BN. 96,
BA. 96, Ai. 1000, Nh. 52, Nw. 25, Ni. 482, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1350.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

461. A skull from Arpino.

C. 495, L. 173, B. 143, Bi. 827, H. 124, Hi. 717, BN. 93,
BA. 90, Ai. 968, Nh. 49, Nw. 22, Ni. 449, Ow. 36, Oh. 32,
Oi. 889, Ca. 1300.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

462. A cranium from Arpino : 6 .

C. 515, L. 174, B. 150, Bi. 862, H. 134, Hi. 770, BN. 95,
BA. 90, Ai. 947, Nh. 53, Nw. 22, Ni. 415, Ow. 40, Oh. 34,
Oi. 850, Ca. 1560.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

463. A cranium fi-om Arpino : 6 .

C. 525, L. 185, B. 145, Bi. 784, H. 136, Hi. 735, BN. 102,
BA. 96, Ai. 941, Nh. 58, Nw. 28, Ni. 483, Ow. 40, Oh. 38,
Oi. 950, Ca. 1525.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

464. The skull of a young person from Sora, Terra di Lavoro :

The basilar suture is not closed. All the permanent teeth are
in place, except the third molars.

ITALY.

71

C. 465, L. 163, B. 132, Bi. 810, H. 125, Hi. 767, BN. 89,
BA. 86, Ai. 966, Nh. 42, Nw. 20, Ni. 476, Ow. 36, Oh. 30,
Oi. 833.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

465. A skull from Sora : 6 .

The stylohyals are strongly ossified and ankylosed to the
skull, forming a " styloid process " on the right side two inches
in length. That of the left side has been broken off.

C. 512, L. 171, B. 147, Bi. 860, H. 134, Hi. 784, BN. 102,
BA. 99, Ai. 971, Nh. 50, Nw. 25, Ni. 500, Ow. 39, Oh. 29,
Oi. 744, Ca. 1400.

Nicohicci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

466. A cranium from Castelluccio : 6 .

The basal portion is broken away.

C. 523, L. 182, B. 147, Bi. 808, Nh. 54, Nw. 24, Ni. 444,
Ow. 39, Oh. 33, Oi. 846, Ca. 1680 (approximately).

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

467. The cranium of a child from Castelluccio.

The milk-molars and first permanent molars are in place.

C. 470, L. 163, B. 135, Bi. 828, H. 123, Hi. 755, BN. 82,
BA. 76, Ai. 927, Nh. 39, Nw. 20, Ni. 513, Ow. 34, Oh. 31,
Oi. 912.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

468. A cranium from Atina, Terra di Lavoro : S .

C. 498, L. 170, B. 142, Bi. 835, H. 131, Hi. 771, BN. 95,
BA. 91, Ai. 958, Nh. 48, Nw. 24, Ni. 500, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
Oi. 919, Ca. 1400.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

469. A cranium from Alvito, Terra di Lavoro : 6 .

A "Wormian bone is developed in the right side of the coronal
suture.

C. 533, L. 190, B. 144, Bi. 758, H. 140, Hi. 737, BN. 101,
Nh. 53, Nw. 24, Ni. 453, Ow. 40, Oh. 30, Oi. 750, Ca. 1620.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

470. A skull from Pescosolido, Terra di Lavoro : <5 .

C. 523, L. 183, B. 145, Bi. 792, H. 125, Hi. 683, BN. 99,
BA. 94, Ai. 949, Nh. 55, Nw. 23, Ni. 418, Ow. 40, Oh. 37,
Oi. 925, Ca. 1460.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

72

EUROPE.

471. A skull from Pescosolido: d .

C. 485, L. 164, B. 144, Bi. 878, H. 127, Hi. 774, BN. 95,
BA. 98, Ai. 1032, Nh. 48, Nw. 24, Ni. 500, Ow. 39, Oh. 33,
Oi. 846, Ca. 1260.

Nicolucci Collectioti. Purchased, 1870.

472. A cranium from Santo Padre, Ten-a di Lavoro : <S .

C. 515, L. 181, B. 143, Bi. 790, H. 124, Hi. 685, BN. 101,
BA. 100, Ai. 990, Nh. 53, Nw. 24, Ni. 453, Ow. 40, Oh. 35,
Oi. 875, Ca. 1490.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

473. A cranium from Bamo, Province of Frosinone : 6 .

C. 523, L. 178, B. 149, Bi. 837, H. 125, Hi. 702, Ca. 1405.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

474. A skull from Eome : 6 .

C. 520, L. 180, B. 144, Bi. 800, H. 137, Hi. 761, BN. 106,
BA. 101, Ai. 953, NTi. 53, Nw. 24, Ni. 453, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1530.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

475. A skull from Rome : 6 .

Marked " Cranio romano odierno, Prof. Carlo Maggiorano."

The region of the opisthion is remarkably flattened, giving
a nearly horizontal direction to the plane of the occipital
foramen (which is of very small size), and a basilar angle
of 30°*.

C. 533, L. 183, B. 149, Bi. 814, H. 128, Hi. 699, BN. 96,
BA. 99, Ai. 1031, Nh. 56, Nw. 26, Ni. 464, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 868, Ca. 1500.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

476. A skull from Rome : 6 .

This forms a great contrast to the last in the prominence of
the region of the opisthion, the basilar angle being only 7°.

C. 523, L. 181, B. 147, Bi. 812, H. 130, Hi. 718, BN. 95,
BA. 95, Ai. 1000, Nh. 50, Nw. 24, Ni. 480, Ow. 40, Oh. 36,
Oi. 900, Ca. 1620.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

477. A skull from Rome : 6 .

" Trasteverino dell' eta di 40 anni."

* The angle NBY, Broca, ' Instructions craniologiques ' (1875), p. 92.

ITALY.

73

C. 520, L. 182, B. 145, Bi. 797, H. 124, Hi. 681, BN. 96,
BA. 98, Ai. 1021, Nh. 51, Nw. 25, Ni. 490, Ow. 38, Oh. 32,
Oi. 842, Ca. 1525.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

478. A skull from Rome : 6.

It is of great size, massive and rugged ; the muscular ridges
and impressions, especially the inion, are strongly marked.

C. 570, L. 198, B. 156, Bi. 788, H. 130, Hi. 657, BN. 104,
BA. 102, Ai. 981, Nh. 61, N"w. 25, Wi. 410, Ow. 44, Oh. 41,
Oi. 900, Ca. 1500.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

479. A skull from Rome: c?.

C. 525, L. 183, B. 146, Bi. 798, H. 140, Hi. 765, BN. 107,
BA. 98, Ai. 916, Nh. 53, Nw. 26, Ni. 491, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 909, Ca. 1500.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

480. A cranium from Ferentino, Province of Frosinone : 6 .

The calvarial sutures are almost obliterated.

C. 515, L. 184, B. 138, Bi. 750, H. 135, Hi. 734, BN. 99,
BA. 103, Ai. 1040, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490, Ow. 39, Oh. 29,
01. 744, Ca. 1600.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

481. A cranium from Ferentino : $ .

C. 472, L. 164, B. 132, Bi. 805, H. 120, Hi. 732, BN. 96,
BA. 96, Ai. 1000, Nh. 46, Nw. 23, Ni. 500, Ow. 37, Oh. 30,
Oi. 811, Ca. 1060.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

482. A cranium from Ferentino : 2 .

C. 520, L. 186, B. 144, Bi. 774, H. 129, Hi. 694, BN. 98,
BA. 92, Ai. 939, Nh. 53, Nw. 23, Ni. 434, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1420.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

483. A cranium from Balsorano, Abruzzo : 6 .

The calvarial sutures are almost obliterated.

C. 530, L. 183, B. 148, Bi. 809, H. 137, Hi. 749, BN. 101,
BA. 94, Ai. 931, Nh. 51, Nw. 25, Ni. 490, Ow. 40, Oh. 32,
Oi. 800, Ca. 1550.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

74

EUROPE.

484. A cranium from S. Giovanni in Valle Roveto, Abruzzo ;

d.

The teeth have been lost during life; and the calvarial
sutures are consolidated.

C. 508, L. 182, B. 134, Bi. 736, H. 129, Hi. 709, BN. 100,
Nh. 53, Nw. 23, Ni. 434, Ow. 39, Oh. 32, Oi. 820, Ca. 1400.

Nicolucci Collection. Purcliased, 1870.

485. The cranium of a child from S. Giovanni in Valle Roveto.

The milk-teeth and first true molars are in place. The frontal
suture is not closed. Besides the epipteric bones on both sides,
there is a separate ossification along the whole of the left
squamoso-parietal suture.

C. 505, L. 178, B. 142, Bi. 798, H. 127, Hi. 713, BN. 88,
BA. 83, Ai. 943, Nh. 44, Nw. 21, Ni. 477, Ow. 35, Oh. 32,
Oi. 914.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

486. A cranium from S. Giovanni in Valle Roveto : $ .

C. 477, L. 166, B. 137, Bi. 825, H. 130, Hi. 783, BN. 92,
BA. 87, Ai. 946, Nh. 47, Nw. 22, Ni. 468, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1250.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

487. A cranium from Capistrello, Abruzzo : 6 .

A very heavy cranium. The calvarial sutures are nearly
consolidated.

C. 527, L. 180, B. 153, Bi. 850, H. 137, Hi. 761, BN. 99,
BA. 92, Ai. 929, Nh. 55, Nw. 23, Ni. 418, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1590.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

488. A skull from Capistrello : $ .

Metopic, with bregmatic depression and occipital flattening.

C. 508, L. 172, B. 148, Bi. 860, H. 129, Hi. 750, BN. 99,
BA. 93, Ai. 939, Nh. 50, Nw. 21, Ni. 420, Ow. 40, Oh. 34,
Oi. 850, Ca. 1435.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

489. A skull from Avezzano, Abruzzo : ? .

C. 495, L. 168, B. 146, Bi. 869, H. 125, Hi. 744, BN. 93,
BA. 88, Ai. 946, Nh. 48, Nw. 26, Ni. 542, Ow. 35, Oh. 30,
Oi. 857, Ca. 1370.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

ITALY.

75

490. A cranium from Avezzano : cf

C. 493, L. 168, B. 141, Bi. 839, H. 130, Hi. 774, BN. 91,
BA. 89, Ai. 978, Nh. 52, Nw. 23, Ni. 442, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi. 865, Ca. 1360.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

491. A cranium from Luco, Abruzzo : 6 .

The sagittal and coronal sutures are nearly obliterated.

C. 517, L. 182, B. 144, Bi. 791, H. 137, Hi. 753, BN. 101,
BA. 97, Ai. 960, Nh. 53, Nw. 25, Ni. 472, Ow. 40, Oh. 32,
Oi. 800, Ca. 1500.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

492. A cranium of a young person from Luco : $ .

The basilar suture is open. All the permanent teeth, except
the posterior molars, are in place. There is a considerable post-
bregmatic transverse depression.

C. 482, L. 165, B. 138, Bi. 836, H. 135, Hi. 818, BN. 104,
BA. 95, Ai. 905, Nh. 52, Nw. 23, Ni. 442, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921.

Nicolucci Collection, Purchased, 1870.

493. A cranium from Luco : <S .

A partially healed horizontal incision, apparently from a
sabre-blow, extends nearly across the frontal bone.

C. 493, L. 176, B. 133, Bi. 756, H. 140, Hi. 795, BN. 100,
BA. 93, Ai. 930, Nh. 46, Nw. 24, Ni. 522, Ow. 39, Oh. 32,
Oi. 820, Ca. 1250.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

494. A skull from Luco : $ .

C. 507, L. 180, B. 137, Bi. 761, H. 125, Hi. 694, BN. 100,
Nh. 43, Nw. 26, Ni. 605, Ow. 37, Oh. 34, Oi. 919, Ca. 1340.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

495. A cranium from Luco : 6 .

The calvarial sutures are nearly obliterated.

C. 505, L. 175, B. 140, Bi. 800, H. 137, Hi. 783, BN. 100,
BA. 93, Ai. 930, Nh. 50, Nw. 24, Ni. 480, Ow. 39, Oh. 31,
Oi. 795, Ca. 1355.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

496. A cranium from Alba Fucense, Abrazzo : 6 .

C. 515, L. 180, B. 140, Bi. 778, H. 132, Hi. 733, BN. 100,

76

EUROPE.

BA. 109, Ai. 991, Nh. 55, Nw. 22, Ni. 400, Ow. 40, Oh. 34,
Oi. 850, Ca. 1480.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

497. A cranium from Ortucchio, Abruzzo : 6 .

C. 510, L. 178, B. 143, Bi. 803, H. 134, Hi. 753, BN. 94,
BA. 98, Ai. 1043, Nh. 50, Nw. 27, Ni. 540, Ow. 40, Oh. 31,
Oi. 775, Ca. 1410.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

498. A cranium from Trasacco, Abruzzo : 6 .

C. 507, L. 177, B. 144, Bi. 814, H. 130, Hi. 734, BN. 105,
BA. 105, Ai. 1000, Nh. 49, Nw. 27, Ni. 551, Ow. 40, Oh. 31,
Oi. 775, Ca. 1380.

Nicohicci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

499. A cranium from Paterno, Abruzzo : $ .

C 500, L. 178, B. 137, Bi. 770, H. 130, Hi. 730, BN. 96,
BA. 93, Ai. 969, Nh. 52, Nw. 24, Ni. 460, Ow. 36, Oh. 34,
Oi. 944, Ca. 1375.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

500. A skull from Tagliacozzo, Abruzzo : $ .

C. 492, L. 176, B. 132, Bi. 750, H. 122, Hi. 693, BN. 94,
BA. 88, Ai. 936, Nh. 46, Nw. 22, Ni. 478, Ow. 35, Oh. 33, Oi.

943, Ca. 1290.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

501. A skull from Popoli, Abruzzo : $ .

C. 507, L. 178, B. 142, Bi. 798, H. 121, Hi. 680, BN. 93,
BA. 88, Ai. 946, Nh. 51, Nw. 21, Ni. 412, Ow. 40, Oh. 36, Oi.
900, Ca. 1330.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

502. A cranium from Aquila, Abruzzo : c? .

It is flattened posteriorly, apparently from compression in
infancy.

C. 500, L. 167, B. 150, Bi. 898, H. 135, Hi. 808, BN. 100,
BA. 90, Ai. 900, Nh. 52, Nw. 24, Ni. 460, Ow. 36, Oh. 34, Oi.

944, Ca. 1400.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

503. A cranium from Aquila : $ .

AU the teeth have been lost during life.
C. 483, L. 169, B. 134, Bi. 793, H, 126, Hi. 746, BN. 95,
Nh. 44, Nw. 24, Ni. 545, Ow. 36, Oh. 33, Oi. 917, Ca. 1160.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

ITALY.

77

504. A skull from Aquila : d .

Though all the true molars are in place, the second left lower
milk-molar is retained and occupies the place of the permanent
premolar, which appears not to have been developed. The
sagittal suture is almost entirely obliterated, though the coronal
and lambdoidal sutures are free.

C. 528, L. 192, B. 144, Bi. 750, H. 138, Hi. 719, BN. 103,
BA. 93, Ai. 903, Nh. 50, Nw. 22, Ni. 440, Ow. 39, Oh. 35, Oi.
897, Ca. 1525.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

505. A cranium from Aquila.

The teeth have nearly all been lost during life ; but the right
canine is retained in the alveolus, and displaced inwards. The
contiguous premolar is also displaced, and rotated on its axis.

C. 480, L. 170, B. 135, Bi. 794, H. 127, Hi. 747, BK 95,
Nh. 50, Nw. 27, m. 540, Ow. 39, Oh. 33, Oi. 846, Ca. 1170.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

506. A skull from Chieti, Abruzzo : c? .

Metopic, though the sagittal suture is partly closed.

C. 523, L. 188, B. 138, Bi. 734, H. 128, Hi. 681, BN. 102,
BA. 99, Ai. 971, Nh. 52, Nw. 20, Ni. 386, Ow. 37, Oh. 34, Oi.
919, Ca. 1450.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

.507. A cranium from Torviglia, Provincia di Grenova : 5 .

Marked " Montanaro Ligure. Garbiglietti. Vero tipo dei
Monte Liguri." This and the next are remarkable for their low
vertical (basibregmatic) diameter (H). The elevated position of
the basion and consequent shortness of the basinasal line (BN)
causes the high alveolar index. The squamosals and frontala in
both nearly meet at the pterion, a small epipteric being interposed.

C. 519, L. 179, B. 146, Bi. 816, H. 115, Hi. 642, BN. 86,
BA. 92, Ai. 1070, Nh. 47, Nw. 23, Ni. 489, Ow. 38, Oh. 34, Oi.
895, Ca. 1445.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.
508. A skiill of a peasant from Porto Maurizio, Liguria.

Marked " Montanaro Ligure in sui 70 anni. Garbiglietti."
All the upper teeth have been lost during life, though the lower
incisors and premolars remain.

C. 500, L. 171, B. 144, Bi. 842, H. 112, Hi. 655, BN. 85,
Nh. 54, Nw. 23, Ni. 426, Ow. 36, Oh. 37, Oi. 1028, Ca. 1280.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

78

EUROPE.

509. A skull from Liguria, Provincia di Geneva : d .

Marked " Montauaro Ligure in sui 50 anni. Garbiglietti."
The atlas is firmly ankylosed to the occipital bone. The cal-
varial sutures are very comijlex ; and there is an oblong Wormian
bone at the anterior extremity of the sagittal suture. As will
be seen by the indices, this skull is of a totally different form
from the two which precede it.

C. 527, L. 186, B. 142, Bi. 763, H. 143, Hi. 769, BN. 106,
BA. 106, Ai. 1000, Nh. 53, Nw. 24, Ni. 460, Ow. 40, Oh. 38,
01. 950, Ca. 1670.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

510. A skull of a native of Parma : 6 .

C. 535, L. 178, B. 153, Bi. 860, H. 136, Hi. 764, BN. 104,
BA. 98, Ai. 942, Nh. 55, Nw. 25, Ni. 455, Ow. 40, Oh. 36, Oi.
900, Ca, 1550.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

511. The skull of a male native of Modena.

A metopic skull, with commencing obliteration of the sutures.

C. 510, L. 184, B. 135, Bi, 734, H. 127, Hi. 690, BN. 100,
BA. 94, Ai. 940, Nh. 52, Nw. 23, Ni. 442, Ow. 39, Oh. 33, Oi.
846, Ca. 1310.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

The six following specimens (but more especially Nos. 514 and 515)
exhibit very well the characteristic differences of the skull in the two
sexes.

512. The skull of a male Modenese, aged 45.

The teeth are very small, and the posterior molars absent in
both jaws.

C. 517, L. 173, B. 154, Bi. 890, H. 135, Hi. 780, BN. 97,
BA. 87, Ai. 897, Nh. 50, Nw. 25, Ni. 500, Ow. 39, Oh. 32, Oi.
820, Ca. 1570.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

513. The skull of a female native of Modena.

Metopic. The mastoid processes are large for a female.

C. 480, L. 170, B. 132, Bi. 776, H. 117, Hi. 688, BN. 95,
BA. 98, Ai. 1032, Nh. 45, Nw. 23, Ni. 511, Ow. 35, Oh. 29,
Oi. 829, Ca. 1235.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

514. The skull of a man of Bologna.

C. 534, L. 186, B. 145, Bi. 780, H. 136, Hi. 731, BN. 110,

ITALY.

79

BA. 106, Ai. 955, Nh. 51, Nw. 26, Ni. 510, Ow. 42, Oh. 36,
Oi. 857, Ca. 1520.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

515. The skull of a woman of Bologna.

Both permanent upper canines are partially embedded in
the palate, and the milk-canines occupy their places in the
dental arch, although the basilar suture is united and the third
molars are coming into place. The posterior lower right milk-
molar is also retained ; but it is about to be displaced by its
successor. The second left lower incisor has a bifurcate root.

C. 487, L. 170, B. 137, Bi, 806, H. 122, Hi. 718, BN. 94,
BA. 97, Ai. 1032, Nh. 49, Nw. 22, Ni. 449, Ow. 35, Oh. 33,
Oi. 943, Ca. 1225.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

516. The skull of a Lombard of Pavia : 6 .

" Prom Professor Garbiglietti. The phrenological system of
Vimont has been marked on the left side by Dr. Panizza."

C. 502, L. 171, B. 143, Bi. 836, H. 140, Hi. 819, BN. 101,
BA. 97, Ai. 960, Nh. 50, Nw. 23, Ni. 460, Ow. 38, Oh. 33, Oi.
868, Ca. 1430.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

517. A skull from Pavia : $ .

The right upper canine is embedded in the palate.

C. 487, L. 170, B. 138, Bi. 812, H. 125, Hi. 735, BN. 93,
BA. 88, Ai. 946, Nh. 49, Nw. 27, Ni. 551, Ow. 34, Oh. 34, Oi.
1000, Ca. 1300.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

^18. The cranium of a woman of Breschia, Lombardia.
Metopic.

C. 480, L. 167, B. 133, Bi. 796, H. 125, Hi. 749, BN. 92,
BA. 86, Ai. 934, Nh. 44, Nw. 21, Ni. 477, Ow. 35, Oh. 34, Oi.
971, Ca. 1290.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

519. A skull from Turin : 6.

" Piemontese in sui 45 anni. Garbiglietti."

C. 523, L. 179, B. 150, Bi. 838, H. 140, Hi. 782, BN. 102,
BA. 100, Ai. 980, Nh. 49, Nw. 23, Ni. 469, Ow. 38, Oh. 32,
Oi. 842, Ca. 1600.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

80

EUROPE.

520. A mutilated calvaria from Rivarolo, Canavese.

From a tomb of the sixteenth century.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

521. A skull from S. Romedio, Trentino : 6 .

C. 518, L. 173, B. 152, Bi. 879, H. 132, Hi. 763, BN. 95,
BA. 87, Ai. 915, Nh. 55, Nw. 24, Ni. 436, Ow. 39, Oh. 35, Oi.
897, Ca. 1430.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

522. A cranium from S. Romedio, Trentino : 5 .

AH the teeth have been lost during life, and the alveolar pro-
cesses of the maxiUfE are completely absorbed.

C. 498, L. 175, B. 140, Bi. 800, H. 130, Hi. 743, BN. 99,
Nh. 45, Nw. 21, m. 467, Ow. 41, Oh. 32, Oi. 780, Ca. 1200.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

523. The skull of a male native of Udine, ProA'incia di Venezia ;

an infantry soldier, aged 22.

C. 503, L. 170, B. 148, Bi. 871, H. 125, Hi. 735, BN. 102,
BA. 97, Ai. 951, Nh. 55, Nw. 24, Ni. 436, Ow. 37, Oh. 34, Oi.
919, Ca. 1430.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

524. The skull of a male native of Solino, Belluno, Provincia di

Venezia ; an infantry soldier, aged 23.

C. 505, L. 175, B. 140, Bi. 800, H. 121, Hi. 691, BN. 99,
BA. 99, Ai. 1000, Nh. 51, Nw. 23, Ni. 451, Ow. 37, Oh. 31,
Oi. 838, Ca. 1360.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

525. A cranium from Palazzolo, Acreide, Sicily : 6 .

The frontal bone has been broken and a great portion lost.
C. 508, L. 180, B. 146, Bi. 811, H. 136, Hi. 756, BN. 101,
Nh. 49, Nw. 26, Ni. 531, Ow. 38, Oh. 31, Oi. 816, Ca. 1450.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

526. A cranium from Palermo, Sicily : 6 .

Metopic.

C. 504, L. 172, B. 139, Bi. 808, H. 130, Hi. 756, BN. 97,
BA. 97, Ai. 1000, Nh. 46, Nw. 24, Ni. 522, Ow. 39, Oh. 30,
Oi. 769, Ca. 1400.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

GREECE.

81,

527. The cranium of a Piedmontese : d . 0. C. 5718.

C. 52G, L. 178, B. 150, Bi. 843, H. 140, Hi. 787, BN. 102,
BA. 93, Ai. 912, Nh. 49, Nw. 21, Ni. 429, Ow. 38, Oh. 34, Oi.
895, Ca. 1625.

From the Collection of John Flint South, Esq, Purchased, 1835.

E. Greece and the Ancient Greek Colonies.
a. Ancient.

528. A skull from an ancient tomb at Cuma (Eolic colony) * :

C. 557, L. 203, B. 145, Bi. 714, H. 140, Hi. 690, B^. 110,
BA. 110, Ai. 1000, Nh. 55, Nw. 31, Ni. 564, Ow. 40, Oh. 32,
Oi. 800, Ca. 1600.

Nicolucci Collection (1). Purchased, 1870.

529. A skull from an ancient tomb at Cuma : $ .

C. 525, L. 188, B. 139, Bi. 739, H. 129, Hi. 686, BN. 105,
BA. 102, Ai. 971, Nh. 53, Nw. 25, Ni. 472, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

530. A cranium from an ancient Greek tomb at Nola (Cbalcidic

colony) : $ ?

C. 502, L. 175, B. 142, Bi. 811, H. 117, Hi. 669, BN. 97,
BA. 101, Ai. 1041, Nh. 57, Nw. 23, Ni. 403, Ow. 38, Oh. 38,
Oi. 1000, Ca. 1250.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

531. A cranium from a very rich Greek tomb at Ruvo (Magna

Graecia) : 6 .

C. 493, L. 175, B. 130, Bi. 743, H. 139, Hi. 794, BN. 96,
BA. 92, Ai. 958, Nh. 52, Nw. 24, Ni. 460, Ow. 39, Oh. 30,
Oi. 769, Ca. 1310.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

* This and the three following are classed as Greek on the authority of
Dr. Nicolucci.

G

82

EUROPE.

b. Modern.

532. A skull from Corfu : cJ.

Marked " Cranio di un Corcirese del villaggio Europidu.
Dono del Prof. Zaviziano."

C. 538, L. 195, B. 140, Bi. 718, H. 139, Hi. 713, BN. 106,
BA. 103, Ai. 972, Nh. 54, Nw. 23, Ni. 426, Ow. 39, Oh. 37,
Oi. 949, Ca. 1650.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

533. A skull from Corfu : d .

" Native del villaggio Castellanos. Dono del Prof. Zaviziano."

C. 517, L. 186, B. 137, Bi. 737, H. 137, Hi. 737, BN. 107,
BA. 102, Ai. 953, Nh. 55, Nw. 25, Ni. 455, Ow. 37, Oh. 30,
Oi. 811, Ca. 1450.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

534. A cranium from Corfu : $ .

Metopic.

C. 500, L. 179, B. 134, Bi. 749, H. 125, Hi. 698, BN. 91,
BA. 89, Ai. 978, Nh. 45, Nw. 22, Ni. 489, Ow. 36, Oh. 31, Oi.
861, Ca. 1230.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

535. A cranium from Zante : 6 ?

Metopic, but with partial consolidation from advancing age
of all the calvarial sutures.

C. 505, L. 175, B. 142, Bi. 811, H. 136, Hi. 777, BN. 100,
BA. 94, Ai. 940, Nh. 51, Nw. 24, Ni. 471, Ow. 37, Oh. 34, Oi.
919, Ca. 1450.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

536. The skull of a native of the island of Paxo.

" Dono del Prof. Zaviziano."

The teeth have all been lost during life ; and the calvarial
sutures are nearly obliterated.

C. 490, L. 173, B. 135, Bi 780, H. 140, Hi. 809, BN. 104,
Nh. 50, Nw. 25, Ni. 500, Ow. 39, Oh. 34, Oi. 872, Ca. 1290.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

537. A skull from Tripolitza, Morea : 6 .

C. 515, L. 174, B. 148, Bi. 851, H. 134, Hi. 770, BN. 99,
BA. 94, Ai. 949, Nh. 55, Nw. 29, Ni. 527, Ow. 37, Oh. 35, Oi.
946, Ca. 1580.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

GREECE.

83

538. A skull from Tripolitza : d .

C. 520, L. 181, B. 147, Bi. 812, H. 134, Hi. 740, BN. 102,
BA. 101, Ai. 990, Nh. 55, Nw. 27, Ni. 491, Ow. 36, Oh. 33,
Oi. 717, Ca. 1500.

Nicoliicci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

539. The cranium of an Epirote from Arta (Epirus) : 6 .

From Prof. Zaviziano. The occipital region is remarkably
and un symmetrically flattened, from pressure in infancy.

C. 522, L. 175, B. 158, Bi. 903, H. 140, Hi. 800, BN. 98,
BA. 91, Ai. 929, Nh. 49, Nw. 23, Ni. 469, Ow. 38, Oh. 37,
Oi. 974, Ca. 1650.

Nicokicci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

540. The skull of an Epirote from Arta : 6 .

C. 527, L. 180, B. 153, Bi. 850, H. 139, Hi. 772, BN. 100,
Nh. 49, Nw. 2G, Ni. 531, Ow. 40, Oh. 33, Oi. 825, Ca. 1630.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

541. A skull of a native of the Acroceraunian Mountains,

Albania : ? .

" Giovane di anni 24 di religione greca, nata su'monti Acro-
ceraunl. Dono del Prof. Zaviziano."

C. 468, L. 156, B. 140, Bi. 897, H. 126, Hi. 808, BN. 88,
BA. 89, Ai. 1011, Nh. 42, Nw. 22, Ni. 524, Ow. 36, Oh. 29,
Oi. 806, Ca. 1255.

Nicolucci Collection. Purchased, 1870.

542. The cranium of a modern Greek. 0. C. 5716. c??

C. 512, L. 183, B. 134, Bi. 732, H. 140, Hi. 765, BN. 107,
BA. 104, Ai. 972, Nh. 52, Nw. 25, Ni. 482, Ow. 39, Oh. 30,
Oi. 769, Ca. 1450.

Presented by Dr. John Davy.

543. The cranium of a Greek. 0. C. 5717. 6.

C. 509, L. 178, B. 140, Bi. 787, H. 129, Hi. 725, BN. 98,
Nh. 50, Nw. 24, Ni. 480, Ow. 41, Oh. 37, Oi. 902, Ca. 1550.

Presented by Dr. John Davy.

84

EUROPE.

F. Central Europe.
(The Netherlands, Germany, and Switzerland.)

544. A cast of the upper part of a cranium discovered (with

other bones of the skeleton) in a limestone-cave in the
Neanderthal, near Hochdal, between Dusseldorf and
Elberfeld, in the year 1857.

See Prof. Schaafhausen, in Miiller's Arcliiv, 1858, p. 543 ;
Busk, in Nat. Hist. Review, 1861, p. 155, and elsewhere, under
the name of " the Neanderthal skuU." The original is now in
the museum at Bonn.

C. 560; L. glabello-occipital 201, ophryo-occipital 190;
B. 151, Bi. 795.

Presented hy Professor Huxley, 1862.

545. A cast of the " Engis skull," discovered and described by

Dr. Schmerling.

The original is in the museum at Liege. The circumstances
under which it was found, its probable antiquity, and its cha-
racters are discussed in Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man,' Huxley's
' Man's Place in Nature,' and many other works on the same
subject.

C. 530, L. 191, B. 137, Bi. 717.

Presented hy Sir Charles Lyell, Bart., 1868.

546. A skull from the ancient cemetery at Hallstatt, near Ischl,

in the Austrian Tyrol : 6 .

The weapons and implements found in this cemetery prove it
to belong to the period when bronze was being superseded by
iron or steel for cutting-purposes in that part of Europe. See
Von Sacken's ' Grabfeld von Hallstatt in Oberosterreich und
dessen Altenthiimer,' 4to, Wien, 1868.

C. 523, L. 181, B. 150, Bi. 829, H. 138, Hi. 762.

Presented hy Sir John Luhhock, Bart., and
John Evans, Esq., 1869.

THE DANUBIAN PROVINCES. — SCANDINAVIA.

85

G. The Danubian Provinces.

547. The cranium of a Servian soldier. 0. C. 5714. 6 .

C. 498, L. 168, B. 144, Bi. 857, H. 130, Hi. 774, BN. 99,
Nh. 50, Nw. 24, Ni. 480, Ow. 39, Oh. 35, Oi. 897, Ca. 1330.

Presented by J. W. Gutch, Esq.

548. The mutilated cranium of a Servian soldier. 0. C. 5715.

B. 152, H. 139.

Presented by J. W. Gidch, Esq.

549. The cranium of a Bulgarian peasant : c?.

A waggon-driver of the Servian army, killed in the Turco-
Servian war, August 1876, between Nissa and Alexcnatz.

C. 500, L. 177, B. 134, Bi. 757, H. 140, Hi. 791, BN. 99,
BA. 94, Ai. 949, Nh. 46, Nw. 25, Ni. 543, Ow. 39, Oh. 32,
Oi. 820, Ca. 1315.

Presented by Armand Leslie, Esq., 1877.

H. Scandinavia.

550. A cast of an ancient cranium from Bohuslan, being the

type of a class of skulls called ' dolichocephalic ' by the
donor." 0. C. 5709.

It is figured in Nilsson's ' Primitive Inhabitants of
Scandinavia,' edited by Lubbock (1868), pi. xv. figs. 253,
254, & 255, and referred to at p. 116 as found in 1843 in
a shell-bed at Stlngeniis, in the parish of Bro. The original is
in the museum at Lund.

C. 560, L. 198, B. 146, Bi. 737.

Presented by Professor Petzius.

551. A cast of the cranium of an ancient inhabitant of Scandi-

navia, " being the type of a class of skulls called ' brachy-
cephalic ' by the donor." 0. C. 5708.

It appears to bo that figured in Nilsson's ' Primitive Inha-
bitants of Scandinavia,' edited by Lubbock (1868), pi. xii.
figs. 230, 231, & 232, as " brachj'cephalous cranium from a
gallery-grave on Moen," and referred to at p. 121 of the work.

C. 507, L. 172, B. 145, Bi. 843.

Presented by Professor Relzius.

86

EUROPE.

552. A cast of a cranium from a gallery-grave in the island of

Moen, Denmark. 0. C. 5710.

" It is concluded to have belonged to an individual inhumed
at a period prior to a knowledge of the working or use of
metals in Denmark." Figured by Nilsson, in the work cited
above, pi. xiii. fig. 240, by Eetzius, * Ethnol. Schriften,' pi. iii.
fig. 2, and measured by Yirchow as No. 39 in the ' Archiv fiir
Anthrop.' iv. 1870, pp. 69 & 85.

C. 487, L. 172, B. 133, Bi. 773, H. 140, BN. 105, BA. 106,
Ai. 1010, Nh. 45, Nw. 22, Ni. 489, Ow. 35, Oh. 28, Oi. 800.

Presented hy Professor Eschricht.

553. The skull of a Lapp. 0. C. 5711.

Inscribed " Lapp from Lycksele, Umea, Lappmark. Pre-
sented by Dr. Lindstrom, 1840." The man probably died in
hospital or under medical treatment, as the calvaria has been
removed in the recent state, apparently for the purpose of exa-
mining the brain. The skull is metopic, and has numerous
small Wormian bones in the lambdoidal suture.

C. 530, L. 181, B. 149, Bi. 823, H. 135, Hi. 746, BN. 100,
BA. 95, Ai. 950, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490, Ow. 41, Oh. 32,
Oi. 780, Ca. 1600.

Presented by Professor Eschricht.

The following seven specimens of crania and bones of ancient
pagan Lapps were collected by Mr. A. G. Nordvi, who, in a
letter dated " Christiania, May 15th, 187b," says of them : —

" These skulls were found by myself at Mortensuces, 70° 7' by 46° 47',
near the head of the Varangerfjord, in East Finmark, Norway. The
graves in which they were found are situated in places where tolerably
large flat stones abound. They have a depth of about two yards by a
width of one yard or more, and are covered by many layers of flat
stones. The fact that the graves are situated in such airy, dry
localities — their bottom consisting only of loose, flat stones— explains
why the skulls, in spite of their great age, are so well preserved
in some instances, viz. Avhere they have not been crushed by the falling-
in of the stones composing the sepulchres. This latter is very often the
case ; and in the course of thirty-eight yeai-s, during which I have col-
lected Lappish antiquities, I have met with but very few graves con-
taining tolerably good skulls."

SCANDINAVIA.

87

.')54. The skull and almost complete skeleton of a male Lapp from
East Finmark.

Clavicle 135, humerus 302, radius 234, femur 399, tibia 320.

Cranium : C. 543, L. 189, B. 160, Bi. 847, H. 141, Hi. 746,
BN. 104, BA. 104, Ai. 1000, Nh. 49, Nw. 25, Ni. 510, Ow.39,
Oh. 32, Oi. 820, Ca. 1800.

Purchased, 1878.

555. The skull of a Lapp from East Finmark : 6 .

C. 530, L. 185, B. 151, Bi. 816, H. 124, Hi. 670, BN. 96,
BA. 95, Ai. 990, Nh. 54, Nw. 23, Ni. 426, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1475.

Purchased, 1878.

556. The skull of a Lapp from East Finmark : 6 .

An imperfect pelvis and some long bones accompanied the
skuU *.

C. 510, L. 175, B. 143, Bi. 817, H. 138, Hi. 789, BN. 106,
BA. 104, Ai. 981, Nh. 50, Nw. 21, Ni. 420, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1400.

Purchased, 1878.

557. The skull and some bones of a Lapp from East Finmark :

??

The atlas articulates with the left paroccipital process. There
is a large epactal bone in the supraoccipital.

C. 495, L. 175, B. 134, Bi. 766, H. 124, Hi. 709, BN. 94,
BA. 95, Ai. 1011, Nh. 48, Nw. 22, Ni. 458, Ow. 38, Oh. 32,
Oi. 842, Ca. 1330.

Purchased, 1878.

558. The skull of a Lapp from East Finmark : 5 . .

A female pelvis and some long bones are with this skull.

C. 493, L. 172, B. 140, Bi. 814, H. 128, Hi. 744, BN. 95,
BA. 95, Ai. 1000, Nh. 46, Nw. 22, Ni. 478, Ow. 37, Oh. 30,
Oi. 811, Ca. 1300.

Purchased, 1878.

* Except in the case of No. 564, it is not quite certain that the bonos
which are placed with tlieso skulls belong to the same individuals, though
they are from the same locality.

88

EUROPE.

559. The imperfect cranium of a Lapp from East Finmark : $ .

C. 492, L. 171, B. 137, Bi. 801, H. 116, Hi. 678, BN. 98,
BA. 94, Ai. 959, Nh. 46, Nw, 22, Ni. 478, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895.

Purchased, 1878.

560. The imperfect skull of a Lapp child.

The milk-teeth have been acquired, and the first two molars
are coming into place. As in the last specimen, the cranium has
been injured, probably by pressure after death. The basi-
occipital is wanting.

Purchased, 1878.

I. EussiA.

561. The skull of a male Finn, a native of Christinestad,

aged 32.

A sailor, who died on board the Seamen's Hospital-ship
* Dreadnought.' The skull is metopic.

C. 550, L. 196, B. 146, Bi. 745, H. 153, Hi. 781, BN. 107,
BA. 104, Ai. 972, Nh. 54, Nw. 26, Ni. 481, Ow. 38, Oh. 32,
Oi. 842, Ca. 1610.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1865.

562. The cranium of a Russian soldier : 6 .

From the field of Inkermann, Crimea, 1854.

The sagittal suture is completely obliterated.

C. 517, L. 182, B. 145, Bi. 797, H. 137, Hi. 753, BN. 101,
BA. 96, Ai. 950, Nh. 50, Nw. 23, Ni. 460, Ow. 36, Oh. 31,
Oi. 861, Ca. 1520.

Presented hy B. Waterhouse Haiokins, Esq., 1862.

563. The cranium of a Russian soldier :

From a man killed at the battle of the Alma, Crimea, 1854.

C. 500, L. 175, B. 140, Bi. 800, H. 138, Hi. 789, BN. 99,
BA. 97, Ai. 980, Nh. 49, Nw. 25, Ni, 510, Ow. 37, Oh. 31,
Oi. 835, Ca. 1510.

Presented, 1870.

564. A skull from a grave in the catacombs of Panticapoeum

(Kertch), Crimea : c?.

C. 520, L. 174, B. 136, Bi. 782.
Presented by Commander J. Buchan Telfer, R.N., 1876.

RUSSIA.

89

565. An artificically deformed cranium, taken by the donor from
an ancient tomb at Mtzhetha, near Tiflis, Georgia, January
1873.

Described and figured in the ' Journal of the Anthropological
Institute,' vol. iv. p. 57, pi. iv. It belonged to one of the
people spoken of by Hippocrates as " Macrocephali." The
deformity is produced by compressing-bandages passing round
the forehead and occiput, shortening and narrowing the head,
and abnormally elevating the vertex. See K. E. von Baer,
" Die Macrokephalen im Boden der Krym und Oesterreichs,"
Mem. Acad. St. Petersbourg, ii. (1860).

C. 447, L. 157, B. 130, Bi. 828, H. 165, Hi. 1051.
Presented by Commander J. Buchan Telfer, R.N., 1876.

90

NORTH AFRICA.

2. NORTH AFRICA.
A. The Canary Islands.

566. Tlie desiccated body of a male Guanche from one of the

ancient sepulchres in the island of TenerifFe.

British Museum. PuTchased.

567. The skull of a Guanche from the island of Gran Canaria :

6. O.C. 5568.

C. 545, L. 191, B. 143, Bi. 749, H. 140, Hi. 733, BN. 104,
BA. 98, Ai. 952, Nh. 55, Nw. 25, Ni. 455, Ow. 40, Oh. 35,
01. 875, Ca. 1625.

Presented hy Sir George Grey, 1846.

568. The skull of a Guanche from TenerifFe : 3 .

Sent to the donor direct from the island.

C. 540, L. 190, B. 146, Bi. 768, H. 140, Hi. 737, BN. 100,
BA. 97, Ai. 970, Nh. 52, Nw. 25, Ni. 482, Ow. 42, Oh. 34,
Oi. 810, Ca. 1600.

Presented hy F. Le Gros Clark, Esq., 1875.

569. The skull of a Guanche from Teneriffe : <S.

C. 522, L. 189, B. 140, Bi. 741, H. 133, Hi. 704, BN. 99,
BA. 97, Ai. 980, Nh. 45, Nw. 25, Ni. 555, Ow. 39, Oh. 30,
Oi. 769, Ca. 1470.

Presented by Archibald Hamilton, Esq., 1870.

570. The cranium of a Guanche from TenerifFe : c?.

This and the two following were brought to the donor, from
an ancient sepulchre in Teneriffe, by Miss Haig.

C. 525, L. 186, B. 146, Bi. 785, H. 134, Hi. 720, BN. 99,
BA. 98, Ai. 990, Nh. 51, Nw. 23, Ni. 451, Ow. 43, Oh. 32,
Oi. 744, Ca. 1450.

Presented by Sir John Lubbock, Bart., 1868.

571. The cranium of a Guanche from TenerifFe : d .

C. 505, L. 178, B. 140, Bi. 787, H. 132, Hi. 742, BN. 102,
BA. 101, Ai. 990, Nh. 47, Nw. 24, Ni. 511, Ow. 38, Oh. 29,
Oi. 763, Ca. 1425.

Presented by Sir John Lubbock, Bart., 1868.

ALGIERS AND TUNIS.

91

572. The cranium of a young Guancbe from Tenerift'e.

The basilar suture is open. All the permanent teeth have
been acquired, but the last molars are not fully developed.

C. 482, L. 170, B. 132, Bi. 776, H. 122, Hi. 718, BN. 92,
BA. 88, Ai. 957, Nh. 47, Nw. 20, iN^i. 426, Ow. 34, Oh. 34,
Oi. 1000.

Presented hy Sir John Lubbock, J5art., 1868.

573. The imperfect skeleton of a male Guanclie from Teneriffe.

It was sent to the Museum in a dried state, as found, wrapped
in the remains of a goat's skin ; but many of the bones (the
sternum, clavicles, right humerus, nine of the ribs, and the
second, thii-d, and fourth dorsal vertebrae) had been lost.

Humerus I. 326, radius I. 239, femur 450, tibia 372.

Cranium : C. 503, L. 180, B. 137, Bi. 761, H. 130, Hi. 722,
BN. 104, BA. 98, Ai. 942, Nh. 43, Nw. 21, Ni. 488, Oh. 38,
Oh. 31, Oi. 816, Ca. 1380.

Presented by Charles H. Hamilton, Esq.,
of Santa Cruz, Teneriffe, 1876.

B. Algiers and Tunis.

574. A cranium from a native burial-ground at Constantine : 6 .

This and the three following were collected by Henry
Christy, Esq., in 1863.

The squamosal meets the frontal on the right side.

C. 510, L. 183, B. 130, Bi. 710, H. 140, Hi. 765, BN. 108,
BA. 103, Ai. 954, Nh. 53, Nw. 25, Ni. 472, Ow. 41, Oh. 33,
Oi. 805, Ca. 1430.

Presented hy George Bush, Esq., 1864.

575. A cranium from a native burial-ground at Constantine : S •

C. 532, L, 190, B. 142, Bi. 747, H. 141, Hi. 742, BN. 104,
BA. 100, Ai. 962, Nh. 53, Nw. 24, Ni. 453, Ow. 40, Oh. 33,
Oi. 825, Ca. 1530.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1864.

576. A skull from a native burial-ground at Constantine : $ .

Mctopic.

C. 490, L. 174, B. 132, Bi. 759, H. 130, Hi. 747, BN. 98,
BA. 95, Ai. 969, Nh. 56, Nw. 23, Ni. 411, Ow. 38, Oh. 36,
Oi. 947, Ca. 1330.

Presented hy George Busk, Esq., 1864.

s

92

NORTH AFRICA.

577. A mutilated calvaria from a native burial-ground at Con-

stantine 16.
C. 509, L. 183, 13. 137, Bi. 749.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1864.

578. The cranium of an Arab: d".

Obtained by Mr. Fitton " from a Marabout Tomb of the
Beni Urgine Tribe, near Bona, Algeria."

C. 487, L. 175, B. 126, Bi. 720, H. 134, Hi. 766, BN. 101,
BA. 97, Ai. 960, Nh. 52, Nw. 27, Ni. 519, Ow. 39, Oh. 33,
Oi. 846, Ca. 1335.

Presented hy Professor Huxley, 1866.

579. The cranium of an Arab : 5 .

From the same locality as the last.

A remarkably small, but perfectly adult, cranium.

C. 469, L. 167, B. 129, Bi. 772, H. 120, Hi. 719, BN. 93,
BA. 91, Ai. 978, Nh. 42, Nw. 23, Ni. 548, Ow. 37, Oh. 30,
Oi. 811, Ca. 1110.

Presented hy Professor Huxley, 1866.

The three following specimens were taken from an ancient
tomb on the site of Carthage, by Alexander Henry Baxter,
Surgeon R.N., of H.M. Ship ' Beacon.' They have not the
appearance of great antiquity ; and all have deep incisions in
various parts, apparently sabre-cuts inflicted during life, which
makes it probable that they belong to men slain in battle or
victims of a massacre.

580. A cranium from Carthage : 6 .

Mctopic.

C. 524, L. 185, B. 140, Bi. 757, H. 135, Hi. 730, BN. 104,
BA. 97, Ai. 933, Nh. 54, Nw. 24, Ni. 444, Ow. 36, Oh. 33,
Oi. 917, Ca. 1560.

Presented by Mrs. A. H. Baxter, 1869.

581. A cranium from Carthage : 6 .

C. 497, L. 168, B. 144, Bi. 857, H. 132, Hi. 786, BN. 100,
BA. 98, Ai. 98, Nh. 49, Nw. 26, Ni. 531, Ow. 42, Oh. 34,
Oi. 810, Ca. 1460.

Presented by Mrs. A. H. Baxter, 1869.

EGYPT.

93

582. A cranium from Carthago : d .

Tho basilar suture has scarcelj' united ; but the last molars
have been acquired.

C. 503, L. 175, B. 141, Bi. 806, H. 140, Hi. 800, BN. 105,
BA. 104, Ai. 990, Nh. 46, Nw. 23, Ni. 500, Ow. 39, Oh. 33,
Oi. 846, Ca. 1410.

Presented by Mrs. A. H. Baxter, 1869.

C. Egypt.

583. The articulated skeleton of an ancient Egyptian : male.

Prepared from a mummy obtained from Thebes, and belonging
apparently to the XVIII.th dynasty (4th century B.C.), if not even
later. The coverings, inscriptions, &c. are fully described by Dr. S.
Birch, " On a Mummy opened at Stafford House on the 15th of
July, 1875," 'Transactions of the Society of Biblical ArchiEology,'
vol. V. 1877, p. 122; see also ibid. vol. iv. 1876, p. 251.

The mummy was prepared without bitumen ; and the ethmoid
bones were intact, showing that the brain had not been extracted
through the nostril in the manner described by Herodotus, and
as is generally the case with mummies from Thebes. When
divested of their wrappings, the soft tissues of the body were all
dry and perfectly friable, separating^ from the bones and
crumbling at a touch. The hair that remained upon the scalp
was fine, soft, and wavy, probably originally white or grey, but
now stained of a yellowish-brown colour, much the same hue, in
fact, as that of the dried flesh and bones and the cloths in which
they were enveloped. The bones were very light and brittle,
having lost much of their animal matter, and could only be made
firm enough to bear the wires necessary for articulation by im-
pregnation with gelatine. The skeleton is that of a man
of short stature and considerably advanced in age. Some
of the teeth have been lost during life ; and the others are very
much worn — the incisors almost down to the roots, as is often
the case with Egyptians, probably owing to the admixture
of sandy particles with their food. The left ulna has been frac-
tured near its lower end, at some period long before death, and
has reunited with scarcely any displacement. Some chronic in-
flammatory disease, probably of a rheumatic nature, has aflFoctcd
the anterior surfaces of the bodies of the two lower lumbar ver-
tebrte and the articidation between them, leading to an irregular
deposit of new bone, which has met in front of the articulation.

94

NORTH AFRICA.

causing partial ankylosis. There is also a thickening of the
middle of the tenth right rib, which may possibly be the effect
of injury.

Height of skeleton 5 feet 2*9 inches=1598; clavicle 170;
humerus, r. 331, I 327; radius 252; femur, r. 441, Z. 437 ;
tibia 352.

Cranium : C. 533, L. 193, B. 139, Bi. 720, H. 137, Hi. 710,
m. 104, Nh. 53, Nw. 24, Ni. 453, Ow. 42, Oh. 33, Oi. 786,
Ca. 1530.

Presented hy the Duke of Sutherland, K.G., 1875.

The ten following specimens were brought by the donor from
Thebes, February 1874. As they were purchased from the
Arabs who frequent the tombs of the ancient necropohs on the
west bank of the river, the exact localities or dates at which they
were buried could not be traced ; but they were all genuine
ancient mummy heads, and were mostly still enveloped in their
wrappings. They all, in the injury to the ethmoid bones, confirm
the statement of Herodotus, in his description of the method of
embalming practised by the Ancient Egjq^tians, that, " in the
first place, with an iron hook they draw out the brain through
the nostrils, and fill up the vacuum by injecting drugs."

584. The skull of an ancient Egyptian from Thebes : c? .

C. 525, L. 194, B. 135, Bi. 696, H. 137, Hi. 706, BN. 106,
BA. 99, Ai: 934, Nh. 55, Nw. 26, Ni. 473, Ow. 40, Oh. 34,
Oi. 850, Ca. 1590.

Presented hy Professor Floioer, 1874.

585. The skull of an ancient Egyptian from Thebes : 6 .

The teeth are much worn, and the cranial sutures partially
consolidated.

C. 512, L. 185, B. 140, Bi. 757, H. 135, Hi. 730, BN. 100,
BA. 97, Ai. 970, Nh. 54, Nw. 30, Ni. 556, Ow. 40, Oh. 30,
Oi. 750, Ca. 1390.

Presented hy Professor Flower, 1874.

586. The skull of an ancient Egyptian from Thebes : S .

C. 516, L. 180, B. 142, Bi. 789, H. 130, Hi. 722, BN. 100,
BA. 90, Ai. 900, Nh. 50, N\v. 25, Ni. 500, Ow. 39, Oh. 31,
Oi. 795, Ca. 1380.

Presented hy Professor Flower, 1874.

EGYPT.

96

587. The skull of an ancient Egyptian from Thebes : cS .

C. 508, L. 178, B. 140, Bi. 787, H. 129, Hi. 725, BN. 97,
BA. 87, Ai. 897, Nh. 51, Nw. 26, Ni. 510, Ow. 41, Oh. 31,
Oi. 756, Ca. 1475.

Presented hy Professor Flower, 1874.

588. The skull of an ancient Egyptian from Thebes : 6 •

C. 515, L. 183, B. 138, Bi. 754, H. 137, Hi. 749, BN. 96,
BA. 98, Ai. 1021, Nh. 48, Nw. 26, Ni. 642, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
Oi. 919.

Presented hy Professor Floiver, 1874.

589. The skull of an ancient Egyptian from Thebes : $ .

A large but thin-waUed and feminine-looking skull. Me-
topic.

C. 517, L. 182, B. 141, Bi. 775, H. 130, Hi. 714, Nh. 49,
Nw. 23, m. 469, Ow. 38, Oh. 38, Oi. 1000, Ca. 1390.

Presented by Professor Floiver, 1874.

590. The skull of an ancient Egyptian from Thebes : $ .

Prom an old person. The sagittal suture is completely, and
the frontal partially consolidated. The bones of the calvaria
and face are greatly atrophied.

C. 494, L. 180, B. 126, Bi. 700, H. 125, Hi. 694, BN. 94,
Ow. 40, Oh. 32, Oi. 800, Ca. 1200.

Presented hy Professor Flower, 1874>

591. The skull of an ancient Egyptian from Thebes : $ .

C. 490, L. 179, B. 127, Bi. 709, H. 125, Hi. 698, BN. 94,
BA. 91, Ai. 968, Nh. 47, Nw. 24, Ni. 511, Ow. 40, Oh. 32,
Oi. 800, Ca. 1220.

Presented hy Professor Flower, 1874.

592. The skull of an ancient Egyptian from Thebes : $ .

C. 496, L. 182, B. 130, Bi. 714, H. 133, Hi. 731, BN. 101,
BA. 99, Ai. 980, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1350.

Presented hy Professor Flower, 1874.

593. The skull of an ancient Egyptian child from Thebes.

AU the milk-teeth are in place,
C. 450, L. 160, B. 125, Bi. 781.

Presented by Professor Floiver, 1874.

96

NORTH AFRICA.

594. The skull of an ancient Egyptian, taken from a mummy : $ .

0. G. 5565.

C. 490, L. 172, B. 137, Bi. 797, H. 131, Hi. 762, BN. 92,
BA. 89, Ai. 967, Nh. 46, Nw. 22, Ni. 478, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,

01, 865, Ca. 1290.

Purchased from Dr. Vesalius Pettigrexo, 1853.

595. The preserved head of an ancient Egyptian female from

Thebes.

It was obtained from an Arab at Medeenet Habou in 1875.
The original appearance of the face is reproduced in some com-
position, covered with cloth, on which the eyes, eyebrows, &c.
are painted. The covering has been stripped from the upper
part of the scalp ; but much of the hair remains. A necklace of
blue beads encircles the throat.

L. 188, B. 143, Bi. 761 (approximate).

Presented hy Admiral Sir Erasmus Ommaney, 1875.

596. The left foot of an Egyptian mummy in its "wrappings, from

Thebes.

It preserves its natural conformation, undistorlied by shoes.
The second toe is slightly longer than the first.

Presented hy Admiral Sir Erasmus Ommaney, 1875.

596 a. The hand of an Egyptian mummy from Thebes.

Presented hy Admiral Sir Erasmus Ommaney, 1875.

597. The cranium of an ancient Egyptian from Thebes : S ■

This skull, though that of a mummy, was not prepared with
bitumen, and, as in many of the following, has the ethmoid
bones intact, showing that the brain could not have been
extracted in the manner described above.

C. 510, L. 183, B. 137, Bi. 749, H. 131, Hi. 716, BN. 101,
BA. 100, Ai. 990, Nh. 49, Nw. 25, Ni. 510, Ow. 40, Oh. 31,
Oi. 775, Ca. 1370.

Presented hy Lady Franklin, 1854.

598. The calvai-ia of an ancient Egyptian from Thebes : 6 .

Inscribed "May 2nd, 1830."
C. 500, L. 178, B. 132, Bi. 742.

Presented hy Lady Franklin, 1854.

EGYPT.

97

599. Tlio skull of an ancient Egyptian : $ .

Taken from a mummy found by tho donor in a tomb within
tho precincts of the liamoscum at Thebes.

C. 493, L. 173, B. 135, Bi. 780, H. 132, Hi. 763, BN. 98,
BA. 92, Ai. 939, Nh. 50, Nw. 26, Ni. 520, Oh. 41, Ow. 36,
Oi. 878.

Presented hy Joseph Bonomi, Esq.

GOO. The skull of an ancient Egyptian, taken from a mummy
brought from Thebes by Mr. Bonomi : $ . 0. C. 5564.
Motopic.

C. 485, L. 173, B. 130, Bi. 751, H. 128, Hi. 740, BN. 96,
BA. 92, Ai. 958, Nh. 51, Nw. 26, Ni. 510, Ow. 40, Oh. 36,
Oi. 900, Ca. 1180.

Presented hy C. II. Rogers Harrison, Esq., 1848.

601. The skull of an ancient Egyptian : ? .

From a mummy found in a baked-clay coffin at Koum
Ombos, Upper Egypt, in 1877.

C. 497, L. 178, B. 134, Bi. 753, H. 133, Hi. 747, BN. 102,
BA. 97, Ai. 951, Nh. 49, Nw. 25, Ni. 510, Ow. 37, Oh. 36,
Oi. 973, Ca. 1350.

Presented hy W. S. A. Griffith, Esq., 1878.

602. The skull of an ancient Egyptian, taken from a mummy :

c^. 0. C. 5566.

C. 517, L. 185, B. 142, Bi. 768, H. 141, Hi. 762, BN. 102,
BA. 97, Ai. 951, Nh. 50, Nw. 25, Ni. 500, Ow. 39, Oh. 33,
Oi. 846, Ca. 1600.

Presented hy Dr. B. C. Henderson, 1822.

603. The bitumenized head of a female mummy.

" A priestess of Isis." From the necropolis of Memphis at
Sakkara. The long hair remains; and the face has been gilded.

Presented hy W. Lockhart, Esq., 1870.

604. The skull of an ancient Egyptian of Memphis : 6 .

From a mummy found by the donor in a tomb close to the
larger pyramid of Sakkara in 1871.

Most of the teeth have been lost during life ; and the frontal
and sagittal sutures are partially consolidated. Thcro is an
unusually largo Wormian bone in the right side of the lambdoidal

H

98

NORTH AFRICA.

suture, and another at the posterior end of the sagittal. The
left squamosal joins tho frontal. On the right side there is an
interposed epipteric bone.

C. 498, L. 179, B. 139, Bi. 777, H. 134, Hi. 749, BN. 100,
Nh. 53, Nw. 22, Ni. 415, Ow. 40, Oh. 34, Oi. 850, Ca. 1340.

Presented by Edward A. Goodall, Esq., 1873.

G05. A cranium from the ancient Necropolis at Sakkara : $ .

Obtained at the same time and from the same locality as tho
last.

C. 490, L. 172, B. 135, Bi. 785, H. 118, Hi. 686, BN. 94,
BA. 94, Ai. 1000, Nh. 49, Nw. 22, Ni. 449, Ow. 36, Oh. 34,
Oi. 944, Ca. 1280.

Presented by E. A. Goodall, Esq., 1878.

606. A cranium from the Eastern Necropolis, Sakkara : c?-

Obtained in 1878. See Journ. Anthrop, Inst. vol. viii.
p. 320 (m) *.

C. 507, L. 179, B. 139, Bi. 777, H. 130, Hi. 726, BN. 99,
BA. 98, Ai. 990, Nh. 50, Nw. 23, Ni. 460, Ow. 38, Oh. 33, Oi.
868, Ca. 1420.

Purchased, 1879.

607. A cranium from the Eastern Necropolis, Sakkara : c?.

Obtained in 1878. Loc. cit. p. 324 (f).

C. 512, L. 180, B. 142, Bi. 789, H. 129, Hi. 717, BN. 106,
BA. 98, Ai. 925, Nh. 55, Nw. 27, Ni. 491, Ow. 40, Oh. 35, Oi.
875, Ca. 1400.

Purchased, 1879.

608. The skull of an ancient Egyptian : $ .

Obtained by Captain R. F. Burton, at the Tomb of Numbers,
Pyramids of Ghizeh, Nov. 11, 1877. In this skuU, as in those
from Thebes, the brain has been extracted through the ethmoid
bone. Loc. cit. p. 318 and p. 320 (n).

C. 490, L. 171, B. 138, Bi. 807, H. 133, Hi. 778, BN. 98,
BA. 94, Ai. 959, Nh. 46, Nw. 20, Ni. 435, Ow. 36, Oh. 34,
Oi. 944, Ca. 1350,

Purchased, 1879.

* This and the following seven specimens are referred to in the * Journal
of the Anthropological Institute,' vol. viii. (1879), in the following com-
munications : — R. F. Biu'ton, " Stones and Bones from Egypt and Midian ;"
0. Carter Blake, " Notes on Skulls brought by Captain Burton from the
East ;" Prof. Owen, " Observations on the Collection of Skulls sent by
Captain Burton to the British Museum, Sept. 1878."

EGYPT.

G09. Tlio mutilated cranium of an ancient Egyptian.

This was from the head of a mummy prepared in the same
manner as the last, with which it was obtained. Loc. cit.
p. 320 (a).

C. 508, L. 182, B. 135, Bi. 742, Ow. 37, Oh. 32, Oi. 865.

Purchased, 1879.

610. A mutilated cranium from the Necropolis of Ghizeh : $ .

Obtained from the same locality and at the same time as the
last two. Loc. cit. p. 319 (p).

C. 514, L. 183, B. 138, Bi. 754, H. 122, Hi. 667, BN. 98,
Ow. 38, Oh. 31, Oi. 816, Ca. 1375.

Purchased, 1879.

611. The skull of an ancient Egyptian : d .

Obtained at the Pyramids of Ghizeh by Captain Burton, April
29, 1878. Loc. cit. p. 318 and 324 (d). The brain has been
extracted through the ethmoid bone.

It has a very large independent ossification in the right side
of the supraoccipital, bounded above by the lambdoidal suture.

C. 520, L. 185, B. 140, Bi. 757, H. 140, Hi. 757, BN. 103,
BA. 91, Ai. 883, Nh. 54, Nw. 24, Ni. 444, Ow. 41, Oh. 37,
Oi. 902, Ca. 1575.

Purchased, 1879.

612. The calvaria of an ancient Egyptian : $ .

Obtained with the last. Loc. cit. p. 319 (o). It has been pre-
pared with bitumen. Metopic.

C. 498, L. 179, B. 131, Bi. 732, H. 132, Hi. 737.

Purchased, 1879.

613. A cranium from the Necropolis of Grhizeh : •

Obtained at the same time with the two last. Loc. cit. pp. 318
and 324 (e).

C. 505, L. 179, B. 137, Bi. 765, H. 134, Hi. 749, BN. 98,
BA. 95, Ai. 969, Nh. 54, Nw. 23, Ni. 426, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1455.

Purchased, 1879.

614. The skull of an ancient Egyptian taken from a mummy : c? •

As in the mummy of Horseisi in the Museum, oval pieces of
some white porcellaneous material were placed in the eyes, one
of which remains. The teeth arc much worn; and tho calvarial
sutures are partially obliterated.

H 2

100

NORTH AFRICA.

C. 510, L. 183, B. 138, Bi. 754, H. 133, Hi. 727, BN. 101,
BA. 93, Ai. 921, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1380.

PiircJiased, 1873.

615. A cranium of an Egyptian mummy : $ . 0. C. 5567.

" Taken out of the old quarries of the Mokattam Mountains,
from whence the stones were hewn from which the pyramids of
Memphis are constructed."

C. 492, L. 178, B. 127, Bi. 713, H. 136, Hi. 764, BN. 100,
BA. 94, Ai. 94, Nh. 47, Nw. 25, Ni. 532, Ow. 39, Oh. 32,
Oi. 820, Ca. 1230.

Presented by Sir John Sowring, 1838.

616. A skull taken by the donor from a tomb near the great

Pyramid of Ghizeh : d" .
Metopic.

C. 501, L. 175, B. 140, Bi. 800, H. 130, Hi. 743, BN". 106,
BA. 95, Ai. 896, Nh. 53, Nw. 27, Ni. 509, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872.

Presented hy S. Edioin Solly, Esq., 1869.

617. The skull of an Arab : $ .

Obtained by Dr. Michael Foster in 1860 from a native burial-
ground on an island in the straits of Jubal, Gulf of Suez.

C. 494, L. 177, B. 134, Bi. 757, H. 127, Hi. 718, BN. 98,
BA. 96, Ai. 980, Nh. 47, Nw. 25, Ni. 532, Ow. 38, Oh. 30,
Oi. 789, Ca. 1275.

Presented hy George Busk, Esq., 1869.

TURKEY, SYRIA, AND ARABIA.

101

3. ASIA.

A. Turkey, Syria, and Arabia.

618. A cranium from a Mussulman tomb in the cemetery at

Scutari, Constantinople : cJ .

Obtained by Morrison Knight, Esq., Staff Civil Surgeon,
Crimean Warr.

C. 509, L. 171, B. 153, Bi. 895, H. 147, Hi. 860, BN. 94,
BA. 96, Ai. 1021, Nh. 54, Nw. 23, Ni. 426, Ow. 38, Oh. 38,
Oi. 1000, Ca. 1640.

Presented hy Edward Stanley, Esq., 1856.

619. A cranium of an Asiatic Turk : d". 0. C. 5563.

C. 530, L. 178, B. 152, Bi. 854, H. 136, Hi. 764, BN. 100,
BA. 88, Ai.. 880, Nh. 52, Nw. 25, Ni. 482, Ow. 41, Oh. 36,
Oi. 878, Ca. 1640.

Pui'chased.

620. A cranium broug^ht by the donor from the monastery of

Santa Saba, near Bethlehem : d .

" It belonged to one of a large number of Christians said to
have been massacred by the Saracens in the eighth century, the
skulls of whom are collected in a charnel house adjoining the
chapel of the monastery."

The right upper canine is retained in the alveolus.

C. 507, L. 182, B. 134, Bi. 736, H. 137, Hi. 753, BN. 104,
BA. 96, Ai. 923, Nh. 50, Nw. 29, Ni. 580, Ow. 40, Oh. 31,
Oi. 775, Ca. 1410.

Presented by Admiral Sir Erasmus Ommaney, 1862.

The three following specimens were brought to England by
the Rev. William Wright, long a Missionary at Damascus. See
" Observations on the Collection of Skulls sent by Capt. Burton
to the British Museum, September 1878," by Prof. Owen,
'Journal of the Anthropological Institute,' vol. viii. (1879)
p. 323.

621. A mutilated cranium from Palmyra : c?.

Loc. cil. (a).

Nh. 53, Nw. 26, Ni. 491, Ow. 41, Oh. 30, Oi. 878.

Purchased, 1879.

102

ASIA.

622. A cranium from Palmyra : $ .

Loc. cit. (b).

C. 474, L. 170, B. 126, Bi. 741, H. 118, Hi. 694, BN. 93,
BA. 92, Ai. 989, Nh. 49, Nw. 23, Ni. 469, Ow. 38, Oh. 32,
Oi. 842, Ca. 1145.

Purchased, 1879.

623. The cranium of a child from Palmyra.

Loc. cit. (c). The milk-dentition only was in place. The
basioccipital, the nasals, and the left malar bones are lost.

C. 436, L. 157, B. 119, Bi. 758, Nh. 34, Nw. 18, Ni. 529,
Ow. 33, Oh. 29, Oi. 878.

Purchased, 1879.

624. A cranium from an ancient tomb in Sinai : c? ?

" Probably that of a Monk."

C. 502, L. 182, B. 134, Bi. 74, H. 134, Hi. 74, BN. 103,
Nh. 47, Ow. 36, Oh. 32, Oi. 889, Ca. 1300.

Presented by the Sinai Survey Expedition, per
the Rev. F. W. Holland, 1870.

625. A calvaiia, found with others of similar form buried in a

" jorf," or bed of alluvial deposit in Sinai.

It is almost scaphocephalic in form, but without sagittal
synostosis.

C. 485, L. 181, B. 119, Bi. 657, H. 121, Hi. 669, Ca. 1100.

Presented by the Sinai Survey Expedition, per
the Rev. F. W. Holland, 1870.

The three following specimens from South Midian were col-
lected by Captain R. F. Burton in 1878. See 'Journal of the
Anthropological Institute/ vol. viii. (1879).

626. A cranium found upon the shore at Sharm Dumayghah,
30 miles north of El-Wijh : S .

Captain Burton adds, " it evidently belonged to some adjoining
cemetery of the Bedawin," loc. cit. p. 319 and p. 320 (g).

C. 530, L. 195, B. 134, Bi. 687, H. 144, Hi. 738, BN. 113,
BA. 109, Ai. 964, Nh. 55, Nw. 24, Ni. 436, Ow. 43, Oh. 37,
Oi. 860, Ca. 1550.

Purchased, 1879.

ARABIA. — INDIA.

103

627. A cranium from " the graves lying behind the classical

temple or slirine on the southern bank of the Wady El-
Hamz, the boundaxy between Egypt and the Hejaz."

Described and figured by Mr, Busk, " Notes on a Skull
termed ' Nabatheau,' " loc. cit. p. 321, pi. ix. ; see also p. 320 (j).
. C. 517, L. 190, B. 135, Bi. 711, H. 130, Hi. 684, BN. 103,
BA. 105, Ai. 1019, Nh. 52, Nw. 26, Ni. 500, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 868, Ca. 1330.

Purchased, 1879.

628. The cx-anium of a young person from the same locality.

Loc. dt. p. 321 (k). The basilar suture is stiU open. AU the
permanent teeth are in place, except the tbii-d molars. The
general characters are very similar to those of the last.

C. 483, L. 178, B. 125, Bi. 702, H. 125, Hi. 702, BN. 98,
BA. 93, Ai. 949, Nh, 47, Nw. 23, Ni. 489, Ow. 36, Oh. 31,
OL 861.

Purchased, 1879.

629. The cranium of an Arab : cJ- 0. C. 5562.

The upper part of the supraoccipital forms a detached
" epactal " bone.

C. 510, L. 180, B. 143, Bi. 794, H. 133, Hi. 739, BN. 96,
BA. 93, Ai. 969, Nh. 51, Nw. 25, Ni. 490, Ow. 38, Oh. 31,
Oi. 816, Ca. 1470.

Astley- Cooper Collection. Purchased, 1843.

B. India.

630. A skull described as that of a male Afghan. 0. C. 5540.

It more resembles, especially in its facial characters, the skuU
of one of the Mongolian races than that of a true Afghan.

C. 485, L. 165, B. 137, Bi. 830, H. 134, Hi. 812, BN. 109,
BA. Ill, Ai. 1018, Nh. 50, Nw. 27, Ni. 540, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897, Ca. 1230.

Purchased from Mr. George Evans, 1840.

631. The cranium of a Pattin Mussulman : 6 . 0. C. 5561.

From an insane individual, imprisoned on account of homi-
cide, and confined in the lunatic asylum at Calcutta.

104

ASIA.

C. 484, L. 169, B. 136, Bi. 805, H. 127, Hi. 751, BN. 100,
BA. 100, Ai. 100, Nh. 50, Nw. 25, Ni. 500, Ow. 40, Oh. 36,
Oi. 900, Ca. 1275.

Purchased from Mr. M. George Evans, 1840.

632. The cranium of a Mussulman from the Province of Delhi :

6. O.C. 5560.

C. 512, L. 189, B. 125, Bi. 661, H. 132, Hi. 698, BN. 102,
Nh. 52, Nw. 25, Ni. 482, Ow. 38, Oh. 34, Oi. 895, Ca. 1330.

Presented hy Dr. G. M. Paterson *, 1823.

633. The cranium of a Mussulman from the province of Behar,

Hindustan. 0. C. 5559.

C. 476, L. 169, B. 132, Bi. 781, H, 132, Hi. 781, BN. 96,
BA. 95, Ai. 990, Nh. 45, Nw. 24, Ni. 533, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1270.

Presented by Dr. George M. Paterson, 1823.

634. A cast of the cranium of a Gound, from the banks of the

Jumna, near Kalpi : c? .

The original is in the Anthropological Gallery of the Museum
of Natural History at Paris (Coll. Diard). It is figured in the
' Crania Ethnica ' of Quatrefages and Haray, pi. xxviii.

C. 505, L. 188, B. 127, Bi. 676, H. 134, Hi. 713.

Presented hy the " Professeurs Administrateurs du
Musee d^ Histoire Naturelle a Paris," per M. de
Quatrefages, 1877,

635. The skull of a low-cast Hindu, who was a Thug : 6 . 0. C.

5542.

He was murdered in jail by his feUow prisoners, the skull,
which is extremely thin, having been extensively shattered by
a blow with a brass drinking-vessel.

The squamosals meet the frontals on both sides. There is
very marked dental prognathism,

C, 475, L. 165, B, 130, Bi. 788, H. 132, Hi. 800, BN. 98,
BA. 95, Ai. 969, Nh. 48, Nw. 22, Ni. 458, Ow. 37, Oh. 33,
Oi. 892.

Purchased, 1840.

* Author of " An Essay on the Construction of the Asiatic Cranium,"
Trans. Phrenological Society of Edinburgh, vol. i.

INDIA.

105

636. The skull of a male Hindu of tlie Coolie cast. 0. C. 5541.

There are two canine teeth on the right side of the upper
jaw.

C. 483, L. 175, B. 130, Bi. 743, H. 135, Hi. 771, BN. 101,
BA. 104, Ai. 1030, Nh. 48, Nw. 24, Ni. 500, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi. 865, Ca. 1270.

Presented by Dr. G. M. Pater son, 1823.

637. The cranium of a Hindu, from Mianipore, Bengal: 6.

0. C. 5554.

C. 512, L. 188, B. 132, Bi. 702, H. 135, Hi. 718, BN. 105,
BA. 97, Ai. 924, Nh. 51, Nw. 22, Ni. 431, Ow. 36, Oh. 35, Oi.
972, Ca. 1420.

Astley-Cooper Collection. Purchased, 1843.

638. The cranium of a Hindu : 6 .

C. 481, L. 170, B. 131, Bi. 771, H. 126, Hi. 741, BN. 99,
BA. 104, Ai. 1051, Nh. 51, Nw. 24, Ni. 471, Ow. 37, Oh. 35,

01. 946, Ca. 1075.

In Museum before 1862. No further history.

639. The cranium of a Hindu : 6 .

C. 468, L. 165, B. 132, Bi. 800, H. 127, Hi. 770, BN. 96,
BA. 95, Ai. 990, Nh. 47, Nw. 22, Ni. 468, Ow. 33, Oh. 32, Oi.
970, Ca. 1180.

In Museum before 1862.

640. The cranium of a Hindu : c? .

C. 500, L. 177, B. 130, Bi. 734, H. 134, Hi. 757, BN. 101,
BA. 100, Ai. 990, Nh. 53, Nw. 25, Ni. 472, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1410.

In Museum before 1862.

641. The skull of a female Hindu. 0. 0. 5545.

C. 462, L. 167, B. 124, Bi. 743, H. 130, Hi. 778, BN. 95,
BA. 94, Ai. 989, Nh. 45, Nw. 22, Ni. 489, Ow. 36, Oh. 31, Oi.
861, Ca. 1110.

This and the seven following specimens toere purchased

from Mr. George Evans, 1840.

642. The skull of a young female Hindu. 0. C. 5544.

The basilar suture is not closed. All the permanent teeth
are in place, except the third molars.

C. 476, L. 163, B. 140, Bi. 859, H. 134, Hi. 822, BN. 96,
BA. 92, Ai. 958, Nh. 45, Nw. 20, Ni. 444, Ow. 37, Oh. 33,
Oi. 892.

Purchased, 1840.

106

ASIA.

643. The cranium of a young Hindu native of Bengal. 0. C.

5553.

The second permanent molars are just rising into place.

C. 467, L. 166, B. 130, Bi. 783, H. 129, Hi. 777, BN, 87,
BA. 83, Ai. 954, Ni. 38, Nw. 20, Ni. 526, Ow. 33, Oh. 29,
Oi. 879.

Purchased, 1840.

644. The skull of a Hindu youth, aged thirteen years. 0. C.

5546.

The milk-teeth are aU shod except the last molars of the lower
jaw. The second permanent molars are not yet in place.

C. 485, L. 171, B. 140, Bi. 819, H. 124, Hi. 725, m. 89,
BA. 82, Ai. 910, Nh. 41, Nw. 23, Ni. 561, Ow. 36, Oh. 30,
Oi. 833.

Purchased, 1840.

645. The skull of a Hindu child, aged six and a half years.

0. 0. 5547.

Tho first permanent molars, aU the lower and the central
upper incisors are in place.

C. 465, L. 167, B, 126, Bi. 754, H. 126, Hi. 754, BN. 86,
BA. 79, Ai. 919, Nh. 37, Nw. 19, Ni. 513, Ow. 32, Oh. 31,

01. 969.

Purchased, 1840.

646. The skull of a Hindu child, aged two and a half years.

0. C. 5548.

AU tho milk-teeth are in place. The germs of the permanent
teeth have been exposed.

C. 436, L. 154, B. 126, Bi. 818, H. 107, Hi. 695, BN. 74,
BA. 72, Ai. 973, Nh. 33, Nw. 18, Ni. 545, Ow. 30, Oh. 29,

01. 967.

Purchased, 1840.

647. The skull of a Hindu child, aged two and a half years.

0. C. 5549.
All the milk-teeth arc in place.

C. 435, L. 157, B. 122, Bi. 777, Nh. 30, Nw. 18, Ni. 600,
Ow. 30, Oh. 28, Oi. 933.

Purchased, 1840.

IKDIA.

107

648. The skull of a Hindu child, two years old. 0. C, 5550.

The milk-tocth arc in place. The anterior fontinello is not
closed. The right temporal, malar, maxillary, and nasal bones
are lost.

C. 425, L. 151, B. 122, Bi. 808.

Purchased, 1840.

649. The cranium of a Hindu child. 0. C. 5558.

The milk-dentition is in place. There are numerous Wormian
bones in the lambdoidal suture, others in the squamoso-parietal
sutures, in the right side of the coronal, and in the right pterion.
The premaxillary sutures are very distinct in the palate.

C. 440, L. 160, B. 122, Bi. 763.

Purcliased.

650. The cranium of a Hindu child. 0. C. 5551.

This is stated to have been from an idiot. AU. the milk-teeth
are in place ; and the first permanent molars have just risen to
the surface of the alveolus.

C. 425, L. 146, B. 128, Bi, 876, H. 115, Hi. 788, BN. 72,
BA. 73, Ai. 101, Nh. 35, Nw. 17, Ni. 486, Ow. 31, Oh. 29,
Oi. 935.

Presented hy Dr. G. M. Paterson, 1823.

651. The cranium of a female Hindu, native of Rajpootana.

0. C. 5552.

There is a complete " interparietal " bone detached from the
supraoccipital.

C. 462, L. 165, B. 130, Bi. 788, H. 125, Hi. 758, BN. 89,
BA. 89, Ai. 1000, Nh. 39, Nw. 21, Ni. 538, Ow. 35, Oh. 30,

01. 857, Ca. 1100.

Presented hy Dr. G. M. Paterson, 1823.

652. The cranium of a young Hindu from Bengal : 6 .

The basilar snture is open. The last permanent molars are
just rising into place.

C. 476, L. 170, B. 135, Bi. 794, H. 127, Hi. 747, BN. 90,
BA. 88, Ai. 978, Nh. 46, Nw. 22, Ni. 478, Ow. 34, Oh. 31,
Oi. 912.

Purchased, 1863.

108

ASIA.

653. The skull of a male native of Eastern India : S . 0. C.

5543.

C. 517, L. 180, B. 146, Bi. 811, H. 143, Hi. 794, BN. 99,
BA. 97, Ai. 980, Nh. 55, Nw. 26, Ni. 473, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1690.

Presented by Dr. B. C. Henderson, 1822.

The twenty following specimens are from the Madura district
of the Madras Presidency, and chiefly belong to the Maravar
tribe *.

654. A skull from Madura : 6 .

C. 482, L. 176, B. 129, Bi. 733, H. 131, Hi. 744, BN. 102,
BA. 95, Ai. 931, Nh. 46, Nw. 23, Ni. 500, Ow. 37, Oh. 30,
Oi. 811, Ca. 1250.

Presented by Dr. John Shortt, Surgeon-Major
H.M. Madras Army, 1878.

655. A skull from Madura : S •

Metopic.

C. 490, L. 171, B. 134, Bi. 784, H. 126, Hi. 737, BN. 94,
BA. 96, Ai. 1021, Nh. 44, Nw. 23, Ni. 523, Ow. 36, Oh. 30,
Oi. 833, Ca. 1200.

Presented by Dr. J. Shortt, 1878.

656. A skull from Madura : cJ •

C. 474, L. 173, B. 130, Bi. 751, H. 135, Hi. 780, BN. 103,
BA. 101, Ai. 981, Nh. 47, Nw. 21, Ni. 447, Ow. 39, Oh. 31,
Oi. 795, Ca. 1230.

Presented by Dr. J. Shortt, 1878.

657. A skull from Madura :

C. 492, L. 177, B. 135, Bi. 763, H. 133, Hi. 751, BN. 97,
BA. 93, Ai. 959, Nh. 43, Nw. 24, Ni. 558, Ow. 35, Oh. 33,
Oi. 943, Ca. 1225.

Presented by Dr. J. Shortt, 1878.

658. A skull from Madura : cJ?

C. 492, L. 181, B. 127, Bi. 702, H. 129, Hi. 713, BN. 97,
BA. 95, Ai. 979, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490, Ow. 36, Oh. 31,
Oi. 861, Ca. 1275.

Presented by Dr. J. Shortt, 1878.

* For a description of 20 skulls of Maravars, presented by Dr. Shorlt to
the Museum of the Anthropological Society of Paris, see E. Callamand,
"Le Crane des noirs de I'lnde," Revue d'Anthropologie, Oct. 1878.

INDIA.

109

659. A skull from Madura : ^ .

It hcos numerous Wormian bouos in the lambdoidal suture,
one in the right coronal suture, and a largo epiptcric on the
same side.

C. 498, L. 179, B. 136, Bi. 760, H. 138, Hi. 771, BN. 100,
BA. 95, Ai. 950, Nh. 46, "Nw. 23, Ni. 500, Ow. 36, Oh. 30,
Oi. 833, Ca. 1390.

Presented hy Dr. J. Shortt, 1878.

660. A skull from Madura : d .

C. 487, L. 178, B. 125, Bi. 702, H. 130, Hi. 730, BN. 97,
BA. 101, Ai. 1041, Nh. 46, Nw. 26, Ni. 565, Ow. 37, Oh. 30,
01. 811, Ca. 1200.

Presented hy Dr. J. Shortt, 1878.

661. A skull from Madura : S •

C. 488, L. 173, B. 132, Bi. 763, H. 135, Hi. 780, BN. 93,
BA. 93, Ai. 1000, Nh. 45, Nw. 25, Ni. 555, Ow. 37, Oh. 31,
Oi. 838, Ca. 1350.

Presented hy Dr. J. Shortt, 1878.

662. A skull from Madura : d .

C. 502, L. 180, B. 139, Bi. 772, H. 138, Hi. 767, BN. 108,
BA. 103, Ai. 954, Nh. 46, Nw. 23, Ni. 500, Ow. 37, Oh. 31,
Oi. 838, Ca. 1375.

Presented by Dr. J. Shortt, 1878.

663. A skull from Madura.

C. 490, L. 175, B. 137, Bi. 783, H. 134, Hi. 766, BN. 102,
BA. 94, Ai. 922, Nh. 47, Nw. 24, Ni. 511, Ow. 36, Oh. 31,
Oi. 861, Ca. 1360.

Presented hy Dr. J. Shortt, 1878.

664. A skull from Madura.

-C. 489, L. 172, B. 137, Bi. 797, H. 134, Hi. 779, BN. 93,
BA. 93, Ai. 1000, Nh. 44, Nw. 22, Ni. 500, Ow. 37, Oh. 33,
Oi. 892, Ca. 1380.

Presented hy Dr. J. Shortt, 1878.

665. A skull from Madura : $ .

AU the teeth have been lost during life. The sagittal suture
is partially obliterated.

C. 490, L. 174, B. 134, Bi. 770, H. 130, Hi. 747, BN. 97,
Nh, 45, Nw. 22, Ni. 489, Ow. 36, Oh. 35, Oi. 972, Ca. 1220.

Presented hy Dr. J. Shortt, 1878.

110

ASIA.

666. A skull from Madura : $ .

All the teeth had been lost during life. The bones of the
face are atrophied. The sagittal and the upper part of the
coronal suture are obliterated, the lambdoidal quite open.

C. 466, L. 168, B. 118, Bi. 702, H. 129, Hi. 768, BN. 98,
Ow. 36, Oh. 31, Oi. 861, Ca.* 1110.

Presented hy Dr. J. Shortt, 1878.

667. A cranium from Madura : c? .

C. 490, L. 177, B. 130, Bi. 734, H. 138, Hi. 780, BN. 97,
Nh. 44, Nw. 23, Ni. 523, Ow. 36, Oh. 30, Oi. 833, Ca. 1290.

Presented by Dr. J. Shortt, 1878.

668. A cranium from Madura : S ?

C. 482, L. 173, B. 124, Bi. 717, H. 131, Hi. 757, BN. 98,
BA. 99, Ai. 1010, Nh. 46, Nw. 23, Ni. 500, Ow. 38, Oh. 31,
Oi. 816, Ca. 1200.

Presented hy Dr. J. SJiortt, 1878.

669. A cranium from Madura : d .

C. 498, L. 179, B. 135, Bi. 755, H. 135, Hi. 755, BN. 100,
BA. 102, Ai. 1020, Nh. 46, Nw. 22, Ni. 478, Ow. 36, Oh. 30,
Oi. 833, Ca. 1320.

Presented by Dr. J. Shortt, 1878.

670. A cranium from Madura : (S .

C. 507, L. 184, B. 124, Bi. 674, H. 143, Hi. 777, BN. 99,
Nh. 48, Nw. 27, Ni. 563, Ow. 38, Oh. 33, Oi. 868, Ca. 1530.

Presented by Dr. J. Shortt, 1878.

671. A cranium fi'om Madura.

C. 490, L. 173, B. 139, Bi. 803, H. 127, Hi. 734, BN. 97,
BA. 95, Ai. 979, Nh. 46, Nw. 24, Ni. 522, Ow. 36, Oh. 30,
Oi. 833, Ca. 1200.

Presented by Dr. J. Shm^tt, 1878.

672. A cranium from Madura : S .

C. 470, L. 165, B. 129, Bi. 781, H. 122, Hi. 740, BN. 93,
BA. 88, Ai. 946, Nh. 43, Nw. 21, Ni. 488, Ow. 35, Oh. 30,
Oi. 857, Ca. 1150.

Presented by Dr. J. Shortt, 1878.

INDIA. — CEYLON.

Ill

673. A cranium from Madura : $ .

The aquamosals join the fronfcals on both sides. There is
great alveolar and dental prognathism.

C. 456, L. 1G2, B. 126, Bi. 778, H. 128, Hi. 790, BN. 93,
BA. 96, Ai. 1032, Nh. 43, Nw. 21, Ni. 488, Ow. 34, Oh. 30,
Oi. 882, Ca. 1100.

Presented hy Dr. J. Shortt, 1878.

674. A skull marked " Hindoo," but with no further history : d .

It is remarkable for the prominence of the glabella, and other
resemblances to some Australian skuUs.

C. 535, L. 196, B. 132, Bi. 673, H. 135, Hi. 689, BN. 98,
BA. 96, Ai. 980, Nh. 48, Nw. 25, Ni. 521, Ow. 40, Oh. 36,
Oi. 900, Ca. 1460.

In Museum before 1862.

C. Ceylon.

675. The cranium of a Veddah, from Bintenne : d. 0. C.

5539.

C. 468, L. 165, B. 125, Bi. 758, H. 129, Hi. 781, BN. 93,
BA. 87, Ai. 935, Nh. 43, Nw. 20, Ni. 465, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 868, Ca. 1140.

Presented hy Colonel Hamilton Smith, 1852.

The four following specimens were sent from Ceylon by Mr.
Thwaites to Sir J. D. Hooker, by whom they were given to the
donor.

676. The cranium of a Veddah : $ .

" From Bintenne of BaduUa : J. Bailey."
It has been unsymmetrically distorted by occipital pressure
in infancy.

C. 460, L. 158, B. 131, Bi. 829, H. 127, Hi. 804, BN. 86,
BA. 80, Ai. 930, Nh. 41, Nw. 23, Ni. 561, Ow. 37, Oh. 33,
Oi. 892, Ca. 1225.

Presented hy George Bush, Esq., 1864.

677. The cranium of a Yeddah.

" From Nilgala : J. Bailey, 1860."

The teeth have all been lost during life, and the alveoli

112

ASIA.

absorbed ; but very little consolidation of the calvarial sutures
has taken place.

C. 478, L. 173, B. 127, Bi. 734, H. 132, Hi. 763, BN. 99,
Nh. 45, Nw. 21, 467, Ow. 38, Oh. 30, Oi. 789, Ca. 1235.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1864.

678. The cranium of a Veddah : 6 .

" From NUgala : J. BaUey, 1860."

C. 482, L. 176, B. 122, Bi. 693, H. 129, Hi. 733, BN. 92,
BA. 93, mi. 46, Nw. 25, Wi. 543, Ow. 36, Oh. 33, Oi. 917,
Ca. 1250.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1864.

679. The cranium of a Yeddah : ? .

This is the smallest adult skuU in the collection.

C. 448, L. 166, B. 116, Bi. 699, H. 118, Hi. 711, BN. 85,
BA. 82, Ai. 965, Nh. 38, Nw. 22, Ni. 578, Ow. 35, Oh. 31,
Oi. 886, Ca. 960.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1864*.

680. The skull of a Veddah : 6.

The frontals and parietals just meet at the pterion on both
sides.

C. 478, L. 173, B. 122, Bi. 705, H. 136, Hi. 786, BN. 98,
BA. 95, Ai. 969, Nh. 50, Nw. 27, Ni. 540, Ow. 38, Oh. 31,
Oi. 816, Ca. 1225.

Presented by Dr. Stephen Ward, 1864.

681. The cranium of a Veddah : S .

This and the next were obtained for the donor by the late
Mr. J, W. Birch, Government Agent in the Eastern Province of
Ceylon, and are believed to be authentic examples. They are
of larger size than any of the preceding.

The squamosal just touches the frontal at the pterion on both
sides,

C. 485, L. 176, B. 127, Bi. 722, H. 133, Hi. 756, BN. 102,
BA. 99, Ai. 971, Nh. 48, Nw. 24, Ni. 500, Ow. 36, Oh. 29,
Oi. 806, Ca. 1260.

Presented by E. W. H. HoldsioOrth, Esq., 1879.

* See G. Busk, " Observations on some SkuUs from Ceylon, said to be
those of Veddabs," Proc. Liun. Soc. 1862, vi. p. 160.

SIBEUIA AND CENTRAL ASIA.

113

G82. The calvaria of a Veddali : d .

The lower ends of the coronal suture are consolidated ; but
the squamosal appears to have reached the frontal, at least on
the left side.

C. 512, L. 189, B. J 26, Bi. 667, H. 132, Hi. 698, Ca. 1420.

Presented by E. W. H. Holdsioorth, Esq., 1879.

683. A mutilated cranium, from Ceylon.

It is remarkable for the contracted condition of the foramen
magnum.

C. 498, L. 180, B. 140, Bi. 778, H. 135, Hi. 750, Ow. 39,
Oh. 31, Oi. 795, Ca. 1300.

Presented by Dr. Stephen Ward, 1864.

D, Siberia and Central Asia.

684. The skeleton of a male Samoyede.

A well-authenticated example of the race, obtained near
Mezen, North Russia. The three upper cervical vertebrae are
missing. The skull is described and figured by Mr. Busk in the
'Journal of the Anthropological Institute,' vol. iii. p. 494 (1874).

It belongs to a man advanced in life. Those teeth that have
not been already lost, are greatly worn ; but consolidation of
the calvarial sutures has only just commenced.

Height of skeleton 4 feet 11 inches = 1500, clavicle 155,
humerus 312, radius 237, femur 417, tibia 342.

Cranium : C. 525, L. 178, B. 157, Bi. 882, H. 125, Hi. 702,
m. 96, BA. 97, M. 1010, Nh. 50, Nw. 24, Ni. 428, Ow. 40,
Oh. 35, Oi. 875, Ca. 1520.

Purchased, 1873.

685. The skull either of a Samoyede, or of an Ostiak : S .

This and the next were obtained by Dr. Otto Pinsch, on the
12th of August, 1876, from ancient heathen graves near Tschorne-
jar, by the river Schtschutschja, the most northern confluent of
the Ob on the left, about 67° 15' N. lat. There was nothing in
the interment to indicate to which tribe they belonged.

All the calvarial sutures are partially obliterated, and the
teeth much worn.

C. 505, L. 172, B. 146, Bi. 849, H. 123, Hi. 715, BN. 96,
BA. 101, Ai. 1052, Nh. 56, Nw. 24, Ni. 428, Ow. 38, Oh. 37,
Oi. 974, Ca. 1380.

Purchased, 1878.
I

114

ASIA.

G8(). The skull of a Samoyede or an Ostiak ; 5 .
From the same locality as the last.

The calvarial sutures are completely consolidated, the teeth
greatly worn, and the bones affected with senile atrophy,
C. 483, L. 167, B. 141, Bi. 844, H. 123, Hi. 737, Ca. 1125.

Purchased, 1878.

•

687. The skull of a Kalmuck, obtained at Sarepta, on the Volga

(Province of Astrakhan) : $ .

C. 480, L. 165, B. 139, Bi. 842, H. 126, Hi. 764, BN. 98,
BA. 101, Ai. 1031, Nh. 50, Nw. 22, M. 440, Ow. 39, Oh. 33,
Oi. 846, Ca. 1160.

Purchased, 1875.

688. The cranium of " a native of Tartary :" 6. 0. C. 5484.

This specimen, remarkable for its great breadth compared
with its length and height, has been described and figured by
Professor Huxley in a memoir " On two widely contrasted forms
of the Human Cranium," in ' The Journal of Anatomy and Phy-
siology,' vol. i. (1867) p. 60. A cast of the interior is in the
collection.

The teeth are very much worn. There is no trace left of the
sagittal suture, though the coronal and lambdoidal sutures are
quite open.

C. 523, L. 168, B. 165, Bi. 982, H. 121, Hi. 720, BF. 93,
Nh. 50, Nw. 24, Ni. 480, Ow. 41, Oh. 34, Oi. 829, Ca. 1520.

Hunterian.

E. China.

689. The skull of a Chinese : S . 0. C. 5485.

The upper part of the supraoccipital is divided into three
symmetrically arranged ossicles ; and there are Wormian bones
in both sides of the coronal suture.

C. 502, L. 176, B. 144, Bi. 818, H. 133, Hi. 756, BN. 98,
BA. 91, Ai. 929, Nh. 52, Nw. 25, M. 482, Ow. 36, Oh. 33,
Oi. 917, Ca. 1280.

Hunterian.

CHINA.

115

690. The cranium of a Chinese : d- 0. C. 5490.

C. 526, L. 187, B. 147, Bi. 780, H. 134, Hi. 717, BN. 98,
BA. 96, Ai. 980, Nh. 48, Nw. 22, Ni. 458, Ow. 38, •Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1540.

Hunterian.

691. The cranium of a Chinese : d- 0. C. 5491.

C. 502, L. 173, B. 143, Bi. 827, H. 132, Hi. 763, BN. 98,
BA. 98, Ai. 1000, Nh. 46, Nw. 27, Ni. 587, Ow. 40, Oh. 30,
Oi. 750, Ca. 1225.

Hunterian.

692. The skull of a male Chinese. 0. C. 5487.

It was picked up in a recess amongst the basaltic rocks of
Second Bar, Pagoda HiU, Canton River. The skeleton was
entire and wrapped in cloth.

C. 491, L. 168, B. 142, Bi. 845, H. 137, Hi. 815, BN. 100,
Nh. 52, Nw. 25, Ni. 482, Ow. 36, Oh. 36, Oi. 1000, Ca. 1435.

Presented hy Robert Auld, Esq., 1834.

693. The cranium of a Chinese : d . 0. C. 5488.

Obtained from a native cemetery near Pekin, and brought to
England by Mr. Dill, Surgeon H.E.I.C.S.

C. 510, L. 178, B. 144, Bi. 809, H. 140, Hi. 787, BN. 100,
BA. 100, Ai. 1000, Nh. 50, Nw. 26, Ni. 520, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi. 865, Ca. 1500.

Presented hy Anthony White, Esq., 1826.

694. The cranium of a Chinese, obtained with the last : cS .

0. C. 5489.

C. 513, L. 179, B. 147, Bi. 821, H. 132, Hi. 737, BN. 93,
BA. 96, Ai. 1032, Nh. 48, Nw. 24, Ni. 500, Ow, 38, Oh. 33,

01. 868, Ca. 1525.

Presented hy Anthony White, Esq., 1826.

695. The cranium of a Chinese, from a native grave at Shang-

hai : 6 .

C. 515, L. 186, B. 139, Bi. 747, H. 135, Hi. 726, BN. 98,
BA. 94, Ai. 959, Nh. 51, Nw. 24, Ni. 471, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921. Ca. 1.590.

Presented hy William Loc.hhart, Esq., 1858.

1 2

UG

ASIA.

696. The cranium of a Chinese from Shanghai : S .

Me topic.

C. 485, L. 163, B. 142, Bi. 871, H. 129, Hi. 791, BN. 95,
BA. 98, Ai. 1032, m. 52, Nw. 27, Ni, 519, Ow. 37, Oh. 33,
Oi. 892, Ca. 1290.

Presented hy W. Lockhart, Esq., 1858.

697. The cranium of a Chinese from Shanghai : d •

It is laterally contracted and un symmetrical posteriorly, pro-
bably owing to premature synostosis of the sagittal and lamb-
doidal sutures ; for these are both consolidated, while the general
condition of the skull, and especially the teeth, show that the
subject was not aged. The contraction, however, does not
amount to true " scaphocephaly."

C. 503, L. 185, B. 130, Bi. 703, H. 142, Hi. 768, BN. 108,
BA. 105, Ai. 972, Nh. 50, Nw. 23, Ni. 460, Ow. 38, Oh. 31,
Oi. 816, Ca. 1425.

Presented by W. Lockhart, Esq., 1858.

698. The skull of a Chinese from Shanghai. : d" .

The upper part of the supraoccipital is separated as an
epactal bone.

C. 517, L. 188, B. 137, Bi. 729, H. 140, Hi. 745, BN. 100,
BA. 104, Ai. 1040, Nh. 49, Nw. 26, M. 531, Ow. 36, Oh. 31,
Oi. 861, Ca. 1410.

Presented by W. Lockhart, Esq., 1875.

699. The skull of a Chinese from Shanghai : <S .

The sagittal and part of the lambdoidal sutures are obliterated.
The coronal is remarkably simple.

C. 515, L. 180, B. 140, Bi. 778, H. 130, Hi. 722, BN. 97,
BA. 95, Ai. 979, Nh. 52, Nw. 23, Ni. 442, Ow. 40, Oh. 35,
Oi. 875, Ca. 1460.

Presented by W. Lockhart, Esq., 1875.

700. The skull of a Chinese from Shanghai : d" .

C. 494, L. 175, B. 137, Bi. 783, H. 130, Hi. 743, BN. 92,
BA. 98, Ai. 1065, Nh. 47, Nw. 26, Ni. 553, Ow. 39, Oh. 33,
Oi. 846, Ca. 1320.

Presented by W. Lockhart, Esq., 1875.

CHINA.

117

701. The cranium of a Chinese : cf.

"A Taepiug rebel."

C. 513, L. 183, B. 138, Bi. 754, H. 132, Hi. 721, BN. 99,
BA. 97, Ai. 980, Nh. 56, Nw. 26, Ni. 464, Ow. 38, Oh. 36,
01. 947, Ca. 1470.

Presented by William Bird, Esq., 1870.

702. The skull of a Chinese pirate : cf • 0. C. 5486.

The upper part of the supraoccipital is divided off into a pair
of nearly symmetrical ossicles.

C. 615, L. 183, B. 140, Bi. 765, H. 132, Hi. 721, BN. 100,
BA. 103, Ai. 1030, m. 53, Nw. 26, Ni. 491, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
01. 919, Ca. 1475.

Presented by Dr. George Bennett.

703. The skull of a Chinese ladrone, or pirate : c? . 0. C. 5492.

This and the following are from individuals executed for
murder and piracy at Macao, In 1816.

The squamosals meet the frontals at the pterlon of both
sides.

C. 510, L. 186, B. 134, Bi. 720, H. 135, Hi. 726, BN. 100,
BA. 98, Ai. 980, Nh. 45, Nw. 24, NI. 533, Ow. 40, Oh. 35,
Oi. 875, Ca, 1260.

Presented by J. Peeves, Esq., 1821.

704. The skull of a Chinese ladrone, or pirate : S - 0. C. 5493.

C. 522, L. 184, B. 142, Bi. 772, H. 142, Hi. 772, BN. 100,
BA. 91, Ai. 910, Nh. 57, Nw. 29, Ni. 509, Ow. 35, Oh. 35,
01. 1000, Ca. 1580.

Presented by J. Reeves, Esq., 1821.

705. The cranium of a Chinese : $ .

C. 494, L. 177, B. 135, Bi. 763, H. 127, Hi. 718, BN. 98,
BA. 97, Ai. 990, Nh. 48, Nw. 25, Ni. 521, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
01. 921, Ca. 1365.

Presented by Lady Fi'anklin.

706. The cranium of a Chinese from Shanghai : ? .

C. 474, L. 166, B. 134, Bi. 807, H. 136, Hi. 819, BN. 96,
BA. 92, Ai. 958, Nh. 50, Nw. 22, Ni. 440, Ow. 34, Oh. 34,
01. 1000, Ca. 1230.

Presented by Dr. J. Reay Greene, 1870.

118

707. Tho cranium of u Chinese child from Hongkong.

AU the milk-teeth are in place, but tho first permanent
molars have not yet attained tho level of the alveolar margin.

C. 446, L. 160, E. 126, Bi. 788, H. 120, Hi. 750, BN. 80,
BA. 76, Ai. 950, Nh. 36, Nw. 20, Ni. 556, Ow. 32, Oh. 31,
Oi. 969.

Presented hy W. T. Black, Esq., Staff-Surgeon

H.M. Army, 1866.

708. The skull of a new-borri Chinese infant from Shanghai.

C. 315, L. 107, B. 89, Bi. 832, H. 81, Hi. 757.

Purchased, 1873.

F. FOKMOSA,

709. The skull of a Formosan : S •

This and the following specimen are from the collection of
the late Mr. Eobert Swinhoe, F.R.S., H.B.M. Consul, and wore
both marked " Formosan : Laoulung, 1866," but with no further
information ; so that it is uncertain whether they belong to any
of the original native races of the island, or to the descendants
of Chinese immigrants.

Part of tho base has been cut away, and the right ramus of
the lower jaw broken, probablj'^ in the act of decapitation.

C. 520, L. 183, B. 140, Bi. 765, H. 145, Hi. 792, BN. 110,
BA. 106, Ai. 964, Nh. 52, Nw. 26, Ni. 500, Ow. 36, Oh. 36,
Oi. 1000, Ca. 1550.

Purchased, 1878.

710. The skull of a Formosan.

The sagittal suture is completely obliterated, but not from
age, as the teeth show scarcely any signs of wear. Thero are
several small Wormian bones in the coronal suture, which is
otherwise very simple in character.

C. 498, L. 176, B. 132, Bi. 750, H. 128, Hi. 727, BN. 100,
BA. 104, Ai. 1040, Nh. 52, Nw. 24, Ni. 460, Ow. 37, Oh. 35,
Oi. 946, Ca. 1370.

Purchased, 1878.

JAPAN.

H!)

G. Japan.

711. The cranium of a Japanese : J •

From the execution-ground at Kanagawa.

C. 517, L. 187, B. 141, Bi. 754, H. 142, Hi. 759, BN. 103,
BA. 102, Ai. 990, Nh. 57, Nw. 22, Ni. 386, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897, Ca. 1570.

Presented by Rowland Hamilton, Esq., 1864.

712. The skull of a Japanese, from Yokohama : s •

On the right side the squamosal and frontal meet at the
pterion ; on the left there is an epipteric ossicle.

C. 528, L. 188, B. 143, Bi. 761, H. 140, Hi. 745, BN. 108,
BA. 104, Ai. 963, Kh. 54, Nw. 24, Ni. 444, Ow. 38, Oh. 36,
Oi. 947, Ca. 1510.

Presented by Rowland Hamilton, Esq., 1864.

713. The skull of a Japanese : $ .

"Bought in a medicine-shop, Kanagawa."

C. 548, L. 164, B. 123, Bi. 750, H. 124, Hi. 756, BN. 93,
BA. 94, Ai. 1011, Nh.- 61, Nw. 24, Ni. 471, Ow. 34, Oh. 33,
Oi. 971, Ca. 1125.

Presented by Roxoland Hamilton, Esq., 1864.

714. The skull of a Japanese : c? •

Though the basilar suture is closed, and the skuU shows every
sign of maturity, there are no molars behind the first in either
jaw, nor any appearance of their having been lost, and the first
upper milk-molar is retained on the right side.

C. 518, L. 185, B. 141, Bi. 762, H. 135, Hi. 730, BN. 99,
BA. 97, Ai. 980, Nh. 47, Nw. 23, Ni. 489, Ow. 38, Oh. 36,
Oi. 947, Ca. 1480.

This and the four following specimens were purchased from
Dr. William Willis, of Yokohama, 1864.

715. The skull of a Japanese : <S .

It has a small supplementary upper incisor tooth on the right
side, close to the median line and behind the normal tooth.

C. 512, L. 180, B. 140, Bi. 778, H. 139, Hi. 772, BN. 103,
BA. 100, Ai. 971, Nh. 55, Nw. 27, Ni. 491, Ow. 39, Oh. 32,
Oi. 320, Ca, 1410.

Ptirchased, 1864.

120

ASIA.

716. The skull of a Japanese : d .

C. 500, L. 180, B. 135, Bi. 750, H. 135, Hi. 750, BN. 103,
BA. 100, Ai. 971, Nh, 61, Nw. 26, Ni. 510, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1415.

Purchased, 1864.

717. The cranium of a Japanese : d .

C. 525, L. 180, B. 148, Bi. 822, H. 137, Hi. 761, BN". 99,
BA. 99, Ai. 1000, Nh. 54, Nw. 28, Ni. 518, Ow. 39, Oh. 39,
Oi. 1000, Ca. 1530.

Purchased, 1864.

718. The cranium of a Japanese child.

The first permanent molars are in place.

C. 464, L. 163, B. 129, Bi. 791, H. 125, Hi. 767, BN. 87,
BA. 77, Ai. 862, Nh. 40, Nw. 20, Ni. 500, Ow. 32, Oh. 31,
Oi. 969.

Purchased, 1864.

719. A cranium, found hy the donor in May 1871, at Nemoro,

N.E. coast of Yezo (or Jesso) Island ; probably that of an
Aino : c? ?

The squamosals and frontals almost meet at the pterion.
The sagittal suture is completely synostosed.

C. 513, L. 184, B. 138, Bi. 750, H. 132, Hi. 717, BN. 106,
BA. 105, Ai. 991, Nh. 48, Nw. 30, Ni. 625, Ow. 42, Oh. 33,
Oi. 786, Ca. 1400.

Presented hy Lieut. Swinton C. Holland, R.N., 1873.

720. The cranium of an Aino, from the island of Yezo : <S .

A perfectly authenticated example of the race. It is
described and figured hy Mr. Busk in Trans. Ethnol. Soc.
n. s., vol. vi. p. 109 (1868).

C. 545, L. 197, B. 142, Bi. 721, H. 142, Hi. 721, BN. 110,
BA. 106, Ai. 964, Nh. 49, Nw. 25, Ni. 510, Ow. 42, Oh. 33,
Oi. 786, Ca. 1630.

Presented hy George Busk, Esq., 1867.

BURMA II.

121

H. BURMAH.

721. The skull of a Burmese : d-

" A noted dacoit, or robber, captured near Tonghoo, on the
frontiers of Burmali, by Colonel Lloyd, Deputy Commissioner, in
a personal encounter, not before he had waylaid and murdered
no less than thirteen people."

C. 490, L. 1G6, B. 144, Bi. 867, H. 134, Hi. 807, BN. 94,
BA. 90, Ai. 957, Nh. 52, Nw. 23, Ni. 442, Ow. 37, Oh. 35,
Oi. 946, Ca. 1350.

Presented by R. J. Wardlaw-Ramsay, Esq., 1877.

The three following crania were obtained and brought to
England by the late Mr. John Crawford, F.R.S.

722. The cranium of a Burmese : c? .

C. 528, L. 184, B. 150, Bi. 815, H. 142, Hi. 772, BN. 99,
BA. 105, Ai. 1061, Nh. 50, Nw. 27, Ni. 540, Ow. 38, Oh. 32,
Oi. 842, Ca. 1560.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1864.

723. The skull of a Karen : 6 .

C. 505, L. 178, B. 141, Bi. 792, H. 143, Hi. 803, BN. 103,
BA. 103, Ai. 1000, Nh. 50, Nw. 25, Ni. 500, Ow. 40, Oh. 32,
Oi. 800, Ca. 1520.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1864.

724. The skull of a Karen, from Bassein : 6 .

The occiput is unsymmetrically flattened posteriorly, as if
from pressure in infancy ; and there is a large irregular indepen-
dent ossicle in the right side of the supraoccipital.

C. 500, L. 170, B. 141, Bi. 829, H. 144, Hi. 847, BN. 103,
BA. 100, Ai. 971, Nh. 56, Nw. 25, Ni. 446, Ow. 40, Oh. 37,
Oi. 925, Ca. 1460.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1864.

122

ASIA.

I. The Indo-Malayan Archipelago.

725. The skull of a Malay pirate : 6. 0. 0. 5494.

The fore part of tho upper teeth has been filed away, and
the exposed surface of dentine stained black.

C. 510, L. 173, B. 147, Bi. 850, H. 124, Hi. 717, BN. 98,
BA. 101, Ai. 1031, Nh, 49, Nw. 26, Ni. 531, Ow. 38, Oh. 36,
Oi. 947, Ca. 1440.

Hunterian.

726. The skull of a Malay, from Penang : d .

C. 502, L. 178, B. 138, Bi. 775, H. 138, Hi. 775, BN. 94,
BA. 94, Ai. 1000, Nh. 51, Nw. 25, Ni. 490, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi. 865, Ca. 1430.

Presented hy J. D. Gillies, Esq., 1855.

727. The cranium of a Malay : 6 .

" The pirate who took the ' Cyprus.' "

C. 532, L. 188, B. 148, Bi. 787, H. 140, Hi. 745, BN. 104,
BA. 101, Ai. 971, Nh. 55, Nw. 24, Ni. 436, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1590.

Presented hy Lady Franklin, 1854.

728. The skull of a Malay : 6.'

C. 509, L. 178, B. 142, Bi. 798, H. 147, Hi. 826, BN. 100,
BA. 103, Ai. 1030, Nh. 50, Nw. 26, Ni. 520, Ow. 36, Oh. 32,
Oi. 889, Ca. 1420.

Presented hy Lady Franklin, 1854.

729. The skull of a Malay : 6 .

The lambdoidal suture is remarkably complex. The upper
incisors are filed in front, and stained.

C. 476, L. 158, B. 140, Bi. 886, H. 130, Hi. 823, BN. 92,
BA. 95, Ai. 1033, Nh. 50, Nw. 24, Ni. 480, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi. 865, Ca. 1350.

Presented hy Lady Franklin, 1854.

730. The skuU of a Malay : 6 .

C. 496, L. 170, B. 141, Bi. 829, H. 122, Hi. 718, BN. 93,
BA. 95, Ai. 1022, Nh. 50, Nw. 24, Ni. 480, Ow. 36, Oh. 30,
Oi. 833, Ca. 1280.

Presented hy Lady Franklin, 1854.

THE INDO-MALAYAN AIIOIIIPELAGO.

731. The skull of ii Malay.

C. 483, L. 167, B. 137, Bi. 820, H. 129, Hi. 772, BN. 94,
BA. 99, Ai. 1053, Nh. 48, Nw. 27, Ni. 563, Ow. 41, Oh. 33,
Oi. 805, Ca. 1325.

Presented by Lady Franklin, 1854.

732. The cranium of a male native of Java. 0. C. 5538.

The characters of the bones are very feminine.
The teeth have nearly all been lost during life ; but there is
no union of the calvarial sutures.
C. 497, L. 175, B. 137, Bi. 783, H. 130, Hi. 743, Ca. 1330.

Presented hy Sir T. Stamford Raffles.

733. The skeleton of an old male native of Borneo. 0. C. 5496

to 5530.

Taken from a large tomb on a hill above a deserted village
by the river Pantai, east coast of Borneo. The circumstances
under which it was found and mode of sepulture are described
in Mr. A. Adams's notes appended to Sir E. Belcher's 'Narrative
of the Voyage of the Samarang ' (1844), vol. ii. p. 415, quoted
in the former Catalogue, where the bones are separately described
and compared with those of an Australian.

Most of the teeth have been lost during life. The cranial
sutures are partly consolidated. The hyoid arch was completely
ossified.

Clavicle 152 ; humerus, r. 322, I. 330 : radius, r. 256, I. 258 ;
femur, r. 459, Z. 455; tibia, r. 395, I. 391.

Cranium : C. 500, L. 173, B. 141, Bi. 815, H. 144, Hi. 832,
m. 101, m. 53, Nw. 25, m. 472, Ow. 40, Oh. 35, Oi. 875,
Ca. 1460.

Presented by Admiral Sir Edioard Belcher, K. C.B.

The ten following specimens were purchased at the sale in
Paris of the collection of the late Baron Van Kessel, during
eleven years Dutch Resident in Borneo.

734. The cranium of a male Dayak, curiously carved and orna-

mented with tinfoil, and with cowries fixed in the place
of the eyes*.

C. 505, L. 177, B. 145, Bi. 819, H. 142, Hi. 802, Ca. 1460.

Van-Kessel Collection. Purchased, 1853.

* This specimen is very similar iu its mode of preparation to that described
and figiu'cd iu Dr. Barnard Davis's ' Thesaurus Crnnionun;' p. 29G.

124

ASIA.

735. The cranium of a male Dayak, from the east coast of

Borneo.

It is sculptured and inlaid with tinfoU. The teeth have been
removed, and wooden pegs substituted.

C. 506, L. 180, B. 141, Bi. 783, H. 139, Hi. 772, BN. 96,
Nh. 52, Nw. 24, Ni. 460, Ow. 38, Oh. 32, Oi. 842, Ca. 1420.

Van-Kessel Collection. Purchased, 1853.

736. The skull of a -Dayak from the east coast of Borneo.

The surface of the frontal and parietal bones is elegantly
sculptured, and the teeth are replaced by imitations in wood.

C. 485, L. 171, B. 128, Bi. 749, H. 130, Hi. 760, BN. 94,
BA. 96, Ai. 1021, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490, Ow. 37, Oh. 33,
Oi. 892, Ca. 1230.

Van-Kessel Collection. Purchased, 1853.

737. The lower jaw of a male Dayak from the east coast of

Borneo. Van-Kessel Collection. Purchased, 1853.

738. The cranium of a female Dayak.

The face is covered with tinfoil ; cowry-shells occupy the
place of eyes ; the lower jaw is of wood ; and a lock of hair, in
braided plaits, is attached to the right zygoma.

C. 465, L. 168, B. 123, Bi. 732, H. 126, Hi. 750, Ca. 1175.

Van-Kessel Collection. Purchased, 1853.

739. The skull of a young male Batta, from the north-east coast

of Borneo.

The calvaria is scored in a symmetrical pattern. The basilar
suture is not united ; and the third molars are not in place.

C. 485, L. 175, B. 127, Bi. 726, H. 132, Hi. 754, m. 95,
BA. 94, Ai. 989, Mi. 42, Nw. 26, Ni. 619, Ow. 36, Oh. 29,
Oi. 806.

Van-Kessel Collection. Pxirchased, 1853.

740. The left moiety of the bisected cranium of a native Batta of

the east coast of Borneo.

The calvaria is elegantly carved, and the orbit filled with a
resinous substance, to which cowry-shells are affixed — a large
one in the centre, with smaller ones placed in a radiating
manner around it.

L. 186.

Van-Kessel Collection. Purchased, 1853.

THE INDO-MALAYAN AKGHlPELAaO.

125

741. The anterior portion of a similarly prepared cranium of a

native of the south-east coast of Borneo.
Nh. 47, Nw. 25, Ni. 532, Ow. 35, Oh. 33, Oi. 946.

Van-Kessel Collection. Purchased, 1853.

742. The cranium of a native child, about seven years of age,

from Central Borneo.

It has been scorched and blackened by fire.

The first permanent molars and the central incisors are in
place. There are numerous and irregular Wormian bones in
the hinder end of the sagittal and the lambdoidal sutures, and a
largo epipteric ossicle on the loft side.

C. 437, L. 150, B. 128, Bi. 853, H. 127, Hi. 847, BN. 83,
BA. 75, Ai. 936, Nh. 38, Fw. 22, Ni. 578, Ow. 35, Oh. 32,
Oi. 914.

Van-Kessel Collection. Purchased, 1853.

743. The cranium of a male Bornean, from the west coast near

Saraw^ak.
It has been blackened by fire.

C. 522, L. 183, B. 144, Bi. 787, H. 137, Hi. 749, BN. 94,
BA. 91, Ai. 968, Nh. 53, Nw. 25, Ni. 472, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1555.

Van-Kessel Collection. Purchased, 1853.

The two following specimens were obtained in the neighbourhood of
Sarawak by the Kev. T. S. Bubb, Missionary. They have both been
dried and blackened by being suspended over fire, and have the orbits
and nasal opening fiUed with wooden plugs.

744. The skuU of a Dayak : 6 . .

" Bailed at mouth of river at outbreak of Dayaks."
The occiput is mutilated.

C. 498, L. 173, B. 142, Bi. 821, BN. 98, BA. 97, Ai. 990,
Nh. 53, Nw. 25, Ni. 472, Ow. 39, Oh. 34, Oi. 872, Ca. 1410.

Purchased, 1876.

745. A cranium said to be that of a Dayak : d .

This was marked by Mr. Bubb as "given by the doctor
in Sarawak." It presents more Melanesian than Malay cha-
racters, and may be of Papuan origin, as Papuans are often
taken to Borneo as slaves.

126

ASIA.

C. 500, L. 176, B. 130, Bi. 739, H. 134, Hi. 761, BN. 100,
BA. 104, Ai. 1040, Nh. 50, Nw. 29, Ni. 580, Ow. 39, Oh. 31,
Oi. 795, Ca. 1375.

Purchased, 1876.

746. The cranium of a Bugie Mahay : 6 . 0. C. 5495.

C. 515, L. 180, B. 145, Bi. 806, H. 132, Hi. 733, BN. 99,
BA. 94, Ai. 949, Nh. 48, Nw. 24, Ni. 500, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1500.

Purchased.

747. Tlie skull, hyoid, ossified thyroid cartilage, and five upper

cervical vertebrae of a native of one of the Philippine
Islands : 0. C. 5531 to 5536.

This and the next were presented as " Two skulls of aborigines
of the Philippines, called bj^ the Spanish colonists ' Igorotes ' "
(Min. Mus. Comm., Aug. 19th, 1840). They are described by
Quatrefages and Hamy (' Crania Ethnica,' p. 171 et seq.) as
Negritos.

The calvarial sutures are partially consolidated. The right
paroccipital process is greatly developed, and articulates with
the posterior surface of the transverse process of the atlas.

C. 483, L. 165, B. 140, Bi. 848, H. 127, Hi. 770, BN. 99,
BA. 92, Ai. 929, Nh. 47, Nw. 23, Ni. 489, Ow. 36, Oh. 32,
Oi. 889, Ca. 1240.

Presented by Hugh Cuming, Esq., 1840.

748. The cranium of an aged male native of Samar, one of the

Philippine Islands. 0. C. 5537.

" Trom one of the caves in the mountains, deposited there
previous to the conquest of the island by the Spaniards."

The teeth have aU been lost and the alveoli absorbed, but
the calvarial sutures are not consolidated.

C. 510, L. 175, B. 145, Bi. 829, H. 135, Hi. 771, BN. 97,
Nh. 50, Nw. 25, Ni. 500, Ow. 38, Oh. 33, Oi. 868, Ca. 1500.

Presented by Hugh Cuming, Esq., 1840.

749. The skull of a native of Manilla.

A SjTnmetrical epactal bone is cut off from the upper part of
the supraoccipital.

C. 510, L. 178, B. 142, Bi. 798, H. 141, Hi. 792, BN. 100,
BA. 96, Ai. 960, Nh. 50, Nw. 28, Ni. 560, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
Oi. 919, Ca. 1490.

Presented by E. W. Cooke, Esq., R.A., 1876.

POLYNESIA.

127

4. POLYNESIA.

750. The cranium of a native of Nanumea (St. Augustine's

Island), Ellico group : 6 .

This and tho next are " skulls of ancestors, ■worshipped by the
people of Nanumea, and only buried after the missionaries got
them to give up this practice, about two months before they
were dug up again by Dr. Turner, who sent them to the
donor."

The third molars are not yet fully in place, although the
sagittal and lambdoidal sutures are consolidated.

C. 517, L. 181, B. 147, Bi. 812, H. 139, Hi. 768, BN. Ill,
BA. Ill, Ai. 1000, Nh. 52, Nw. 24, M. 460, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897, Ca. 1520.

Presented hy Dr. P. H. Pye-Smith, 1877.

751. The cranium of a native of Nanumea.

C. 502, L. 178, B. 138, Bi. 775, H. 134, Hi. 753, m. 105,
Nh. 54, Nw. 25, Ni. 463, Ow. 39, Oh. 37, Oi. 949, Ca. 1275.

Presented hy Dr. P. H. Pye-Smith, 1877.

752. The skull of a native of one of the Samoan Islands : c? •

This and the next belonged to men killed in battle a few years
ago, and buried near Apia. They were obtained by Dr. Turner.
The calvarial sutures are obliterated.

C. 517, L. 172, B. 153, Bi. 890, H. 138, Hi. 808, BN. Ill,
BA. 103, Ai. 928, Nh. 62, Nw. 25, M. 403, Ow. 42, Oh. 4J ,
Oi. 976, Ca. 1535.

Presented hy Dr. P. H. Pye-Smith, 1877.

753. The skull of a Samoan : c? •

C. 501, L. 175, B. 141, Bi. 806, H. l4l, Hi. 806, BN. 100,'
BA. 100, Ai. 1000, Nh. 57, Nw. 25, Ni. 438, Ow.'39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1320.

Presented hy Dr. P. H. Pye-Smith, 1877.

754. The skull of a native of the Tonga Islands : <S .

Brought, in 1859, from the island of Lifuka, one of tho
Haapai group of the Tonga or Friendly Islands.
Metopic.

128

POLYNESIA.

C. 508, L. 175, B. 148, Bi. 846, H. 133, Hi. 771, BN. 97,
BA. 97, Ai. 1000, Nh. 53, Nw. 24, Ni. 453, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1450.

Purchased, 1877.

755. The cranium of a young native of the Tonga Islands : . $ .
From the same locality as the last.

The basilar suture is open. All the permanent teeth have
been acquired, except the last molars.

C. 460, L. 155, B. 136, Bi. 877, H. 124, Hi. 800, BK 83,
BA. 80, Ai. 964, Nh. 39, Nw. 19, Ni. 487, Ow. 32, Oh. 32,
Oi. 1000.

Purchased, 1877.

75G. A mutilated cranium from one of the islands on the north
side of Tongatabu.
C. 483, L. 165, B. 138, Bi. 836, H. 139, Hi. 842, Ca. 1250.
Presented by Captain Sir Everard Home, Bart., R.N.

757. The skeleton of a male native of Nine, or Savage Island,

From a man who came to Hobart Town in a whaling-ship,
and died in the hospital of pneumonia.

The sternum is missing.

Height of skeleton 5 feet 5*2 inches = 1655.

Clavicle 139, humerus 323, radius 251, femur 448, tibia 373.

Cranium : C. 507, L. 173, B. 145, Bi. 838, H. 140, Hi. 809,
BN. 102, BA, 102, Ai. 1000, Nh. 53, Nw. 22, Ni. 415, Ow. 38,
Oh. 33, Oi. 868, Ca. 1490.

Presented by Arthur Bingham Crowther, Esq., 1870.

758. The cranium of a young Moriori, or native of the Chatham

Islands : ? .

The basilar suture is not closed. All the permanent teeth,
except the last molar, have been acquired.

C. 482, L. 171, B. 135, Bi. 789, H. 127, Hi. 743, BN. 94,
Nh. 45, Nw. 24, Ni. 533, Ow. 36, Oh. 35, Oi. 972.

Presented by Dr. Julius von Haast, 1873.

759. The skull of a Moriori : $ ,

Dug out of peat on Pitt Island, one of the smallest of the
group of the Chatham Islands.

C. 491. L. 175, B. 135, Bi. 771, H. 133, Hi. 760, BN. 100,
BA. 94, Ai. 940, Nh. 52, Nw. 24, Ni. 460, Ow. 38, Oh. 37,
Oi. 974, Ca. 1280.

Presented by Anderson Critchett, Esq., 1876.

CHATHAM ISLANDS.

129

7C0. Thocninium of aMoriori, or native of tho Chatham Islands,

Formerly in the museum of tho Middlesex Hospital, to which
it was presented by Dr. H. Cooper Eose.

The basilar suture is not closed, though all the permanent
teeth have been in place ; the third molars (now lost) were pror
bably not fully developed.

C. 513, L. 180, B. 137, Bi. 761, H. 135, Hi. 750, BN. 109,
BA. 105, Ai. 963, Nh. 55, N^. 25, Ni. 455, Ow. 40, Oh. 38,
Oi. 950, Ca. 1470.

Received in exchange, 1879.

The five following specimens were obtained in the Chatham
Islands bj Dr. Peter Comrie, R.N., H.M.S. ' Dido,' in 1873.
The first was given by a medical man resident in the islands, who
had prepared it himself ;. the other four ai'e from an old Moriori
burial-ground near Waitangi.

761. The cranium of a Moriori, from the Chatham Islands : 6 .

C. 503, L. 172, B. 143, Bi. 831, H. 140, Hi, 814, m. 103,
BA. 99, Ai. 961, Nh. 55, Nw. 23, Ni. 418, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897, Ca. 1430.

Purchased, 1879.

762. The skull of a Moriori, from the Chatham Islands : cf .

C. 527, L. 185, B. 147, Bi. 795, H. 134, Hi. 724, BN. 99,
BA. 101, Ai. 1020, Nh. 63, Nw. 26, Ni. 413, Ow. 41, Oh. 38,
Oi. 927, Ca. 1560.

Purchased, 1879.

763. The cranium of a Moriori, from the Chatham Islands : 6 .

The forehead is very retreating. The lambdoidal suture is
extremely complex ; and the upper part of the supraoccipital is
composed of numerous independent ossifications. There is a
Wormian bone in the left side of the coronal suture, Tho
squamosals nearly meet the frontals on both sides.

C. 520, L. 185, B. 137, Bi. 741, H. 127, Hi. 686, BN. 97,
BA. 97, Ai. 1000, Nh. 55, Nw. 24, Ni. 436, Ow. 41, Oh. 38,
. Oi. 927, Ca. 1390.

Purchased, 1879.

K

130

POLYNESIA.

764. Tho cranium of a Moriori, from the Chatham Islands : d .

C. 520, L. 185, B. 143, Bi. 773, H. 142, Hi. 768, BN. 105,
BA. 106, Ai. 1010, Nh. 52, Nw. 25, Ni. 482, Ow. 38, Oh. 37,
. Oi. 974, Ca. 1450.

Purchased, 1879.

765. The cranimn of a Moriori, from tho Chatham Islands : cJ?

C. 490, L. 172, B. 134, Bi. 779, H. 128, Hi. 744, BN. 100,
BA. 105, Ai. 1050, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1195.

Purchased, 1879.

766. The skull of a Maori, or native of New Zealand : 6 . 0. C.

5389.

C. 525, L. 188, B. 142, k. 755, H. 142, Hi. 755, m. 113,
BA. 106, Ai. 938, Nh. 55, Nw. 27, M. 491, Ow. 41, Oh. 38,
Oi. 927, Ca. 1520.

Presented hy Governor Farquhar, Governor of

the Mauritius, 1822.

The eight following specimens are more or ess mutilated at the base,
having been taken from heads preserved according to the native fashion;
the height, therefore, cannot be given.

767. The skull of a Maori : 6 . 0. C. 5390.

There are but three lower incisor teeth. An interparietal
bone is divided from the supraoccipital by a very complex den-
tated transverse suture.

C. 538, L. 199, B. 143, Bi. 719, Nh. 54, Nw. 23, Ni. 426,
Ow. 40, Oh. 32, Oi. 800, Ca. 1670.

Presented hy lliomas Hohhs Scott, Esq., 1821.

768. Tlie skull of a Maori : 6. 0. C. 5391.

C. 510, L. 183, B. 139, Bi. 760, Nh. 55, Nw. 25, Ni. 455,
Ow. 41, Oh. 36, Oi. 878.

Presented hy Thomas Hohhs Scott, Esq., 1821.

769. Tho skull of a Maori : 6 . 0. C. 5392.

C. 505, L. 180, B. 138, Bi. 767, Nh. 61, Nw. 31, Ni. 508,
Ow. 42, Oh. 38, Oi. 905.

Presented hy Admiral Sir Thomas Beresford, 1828.

NEW ZEALAND.

131

770. The skull of a Maori : cf . 0. C. 5393.

C. 530, L. 188, B. 144, Bi. 766, Nh. 55, Nw. 26, Nj. 473,
Ow. 40, Oh. 36, Oi. 900.

Presented by Mrs. Maria Graham, 1824,

771. The skull of a Maori : J. 0, C. 5394,

C. 520, L. 186, B. 139, Bi. 747, Nh. 55, Nw. 25, Ni. 455,
Ow. 40, Oh. 37, Oi. 925.

Presented hy Robert Keate, Esq., 1827.

772. The skull of a Maori : 6 . 0. C. 5395.

C. 528, L. 190, B. 138, Bi. 726, Nh. 57, Nw. 28, Ni. 491,
Ow. 39, Oh. 36, Oi. 923.

Hunterian.

773. Tlie much mutilated Skull of a Maori : 6 . 0. C. 5396.

The calvarial sutures are consolidated. The left mandibular
articulation has suffered severely from chronic rheumatic
arthritis.

C. 504, L. 175, B. 140, Bi. 800.

Hunterian.

774. The skull of a Maori : $ . 0. C. 5397.

C. 485, L. 179, B. 125, Bi. 698, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490,
Ow. 37, Oh. 33, Oi, 892.

Hunterian.

The following twenty specimens were found, with many others,
in some limestone caves between the Bay of Islands and Whan-
garei Harbour, North Island, New Zealand.

They were received in exchange from the Auckland Museum,
through the courtesy of the Curator, T. F. Cheeseman, Esq.,
1879*.

775. The skull of a Maori : 6.

C. 530, L. 191, B. 138, Bi. 723, H. 142, Hi. 743, BN. 109,
BA. 101, Ai. 9-27, Nh. 52, Nw. 27, Ni. 519, Ow. 40, Oh. 36,
Oi. 900, Ca. 1620.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

* Mr. Cheeseman writes : — "I have but little doubt that the crania belong
to the present race of Maoris. Some of those remarkable carved jade orna-
ments known by the Maoris as ' hei silris ' were found when the cave first
became known to Europeans a few years ago, mixed with the bones in such
a manner tliat it was evident that they were placed there with thorn."

132

POLYNESIA.

77G. The cranium of a Maori : <S .

C. 539, L. 197, B. 139, Bi. 706, H. 145, Hi. 736, BN. 105,
BA. 104, Ai. 990, Nh. 57, Nw. 27, Ni. 474, Ow. 38, Oh. 38,
Oi. 1000, Ca. 1710.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

777. The cranium of a Maori : cS .

The squamosal just touches the frontal on the right side.

C. 530, L. 194, B. 136, Bi. 701, H. 141, Hi. 727, BN. 108,
BA. 108, Ai. 1000, Nh. 51, Nw. 28, Ni. 549, Ow. 41, Oh. 34,
Oi. 829, Ca. 1545.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

778. The cranium of a Maori : 6 . '

C. 520, L. 187, B. 139, Bi. 743, H. 132, Hi. 706, BN. 103,
BA. 102, Ai. 990, Nh. 55, Nw. 27, Ni. 491, Ow. 38, Oh. 37,
Oi. 974, Ca. 1500.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

779. The cranium of a Maori : <S .

A trausverse suture passes across the supraoccipital at the
usual limit of the interparietal. The upper portion thus cut
off is divided symmetrically by Tertical sutures into a central
and two lateral ossicles.

C. 520, L. 189, B. 139, Bi. 735, H. 139, Hi. 735, BN. 99,
BA. 96, Ai. 970, Nh. 53, Nw. 27, Ni. 509, Ow. 40, Oh. 34,
Oi. 850, Ca. 1610.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

780. The cranium of a Maori : 6 .

C. 500, L. 176, B. 136, Bi. 773, H. 143, Hi. 813, BN. 108,
BA. 103, Ai. 954, Nh. 51, Nw. 26, Ni. 510, Ow. 41, Oh. 37,
Oi. 902, Ca. 1430.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

781. The cranium of a Maori : <S .

C. 516, L. 188, B. 132, Bi. 702, H. 138, Hi. 734, BN. 105,
BA. 108, Ai. 1029, Nh. 45, Nw. 26, Ni. 578, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1450.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

NEW ZEALAND.

133

782. The cranium of a Maori : d .

a 498, L. 177, B. 128, Bi. 723, H. 13G, Hi. 768, BN. 104,
BA. 104, Ai. 1000, Nh. 49, ¥w. 23, Ni. 469, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897, Ca. 1280.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

783. The cranium of a Maori.

C. 527, L. 193, B. 131, Bi. 679, H. 140, Hi. 725, BN. 103,
BA. 103, Ai. 1000, Nh. 51, Nw. 25, Ni. 490, Ow. 39, Oh. 36,
Oi. 923, Ca. 1480.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

784. The cranium of a Maori.

It has a broad Wormian ossicle in the posterior end of the
sagittal suture.

C. 532, L. 192, B. 142, Bi. 740, H. 145, Hi. 755, BN. 106,
BA. 105, Ai. 991, Nh. 52, Nw. 25, Ni. 482, Ow. 40, Oh. 35,
Oi. 875, Ca. 1630.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

785. Tlie cranium of a Maori : ? .

There are numerous large Wonnian hones in the lambdoidal
suture.

C. 522, L. 187, B. 138, Bi. 738, H. 133, Hi. 711, BN. 103,
BA. 98, Ai. 951, Nh. 52, Nw. 26, Ni. 500, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897, Ca. 1500.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

786. The cranium of a Maori : $ .

Though the largest cranium of the series, it presents aU the
characteristics of the female sex.

C. 545, L. 198, B. 142, Bi. 717, H. 143, Hi. 722, BN. 102,
BA. 100, Ai. 980, Nh. 60, Nw. 28, Ni. 467, Ow. 36, Oh. 37,
Oi. 1028, Ca. 1780.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

787. The cranium of a Maori : $ .

There are numerous Wormian bones in the iippor part of the
lambdoidal suture.

C. 517, L. 184, B. 142, Bi. 772, H. 137, Hi. 745, BN. 96,
BA. 94, Ai. 979, Nh. 52, Nw. 27, Ni. 519, Ow. 38, Oh. 36,
Oi. 947, Ca. 1545.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

134

POLYNESIA.

788. The cranium of a Maori.

C. 513, L. 185, B. 136, Bi. 735, H. 141, Hi. 762, BN. 103,
BA. 96, Ai. 932, Nh. 50, Nw. 22, Ni. 440, Ow. 39, Oh. 38,
Oi. 974, Ca. 1420.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

789. The skull of a Maori : $ .

C. 503, L. 181, B. 132, Bi. 729, H. 132, Hi. 729, BN. 98,
BA. 98, Ai. 1000, Nh. 49, Kw. 25, Ni. 510, Ow. 37, Oh. 36,
Oi. 973, Ca. 1400.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

790. The cranium of a Maori.

C. 494, L. 177, B. 134, Bi. 757, H. 135, Hi. 763, BN. 98,
BA. 94, Ai. 959, Nh. 47, Nw. 23, Ni. 489, Ow. 37, Oh. 33,
Oi. 892, Ca. 1345.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

791. The cranium of a Maori : 6 .

C. 498, L. 174, B. 137, Bi. 787, H. 126, Hi. 724, BN. 93,
BA. 98, Ai. 1054, Nh. 48, Nw. 25, Ni. 521, Ow. 37, Oh. 33,
Oi. 892, Ca. 1275.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

792. The cranium of a young Maori.

All the permanent teeth are in place, though the posterior
molars would appear, from the condition of their sockets, not to
have been fully developed. The basUar suture is open ; but the
sagittal is almost completely closed.

C. 516, L. 183, B. 144, Bi. 787, H. 136, Hi. 743, BN. 93,
BA. 89, Ai. 957, Nh. 46, Nw. 21, Ni. 457, Ow. 35, Oh. 33,
Oi. 943, Ca. 1580.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

793. The skull of a young Maori.

All the permaneut teeth have been acquired, except the pos-
terior molars. The basilar suture is open.

C. 511, L. 187, B. 135, Bi. 722, H. 130, Hi. 695, BN. 100,
BA. 100, Ai. 1000, Nh. 46, Nw. 24, Ni. 522, Ow. 36, Oh. 32,
Oi. 889, Ca. 1460.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

NICVV ZEALAND.

135

794. Tlio cranium of a Maori child.

The milk-teeth and the first permanent molars arc in place.

C. 480, L. 177, B. 127, Bi. 718, H. 122, Hi. G89, EN. H5,
BA. 7S), Ai. 929, Nh. 40, Kw. 20, M. 500, Ow. 31, Oh. 31,
Oi. 1000.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

795. Seven mandibles of Maoris from the same caves, sent with

the crania, but not belonging to any of them.

Received from the Auckland Museum, 1879.

796. A skull of a female native of New Zealand. 0. C. 5398.

C. 505, L. 183, B. 132, Bi. 721, H. 132, Hi. 721, Nh. 49,
Nw. 25, m. 510, Ow. 37, Oh. 34, Oi. 919, Ca. 1230.

Presented hy the Hon. William Martin,
Chief Justice of New Zealand.

7Q7. The cranium of a young native of New Zealand : <S .

Brought to England by Sir J. D. Hooker.
The basilar suture is not united ; but the third molars are in
place.

C. 518, L. 190, B. 132, H. 144, Bi. 695, Hi. 758, BN. 100,
BA. 99, Ai. 990, Nh. 49, Nw. 26, Ni. 531, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1864.

798. A cranium from the South Pacific, supposed to be from

New Zealand.

Except its very large size, the general characters are
feminine. It resembles several of the supposed female crania
of the Auckland-Museum series, especially No. 786.

C. 551, L. 199, B. 143, Bi. 719, H. 140, Hi. 704, BN. 110,
Nh. 53, Nw. 23, Ni. 434, Ow. 40, Oh. 35, Oi. 875, Ca. 1625.
Presented hy Sir Joseph D. Hooker, K.C.S.I., 1866.

799. A cranium from the South Pacific, supposed to be from

New Zealand : 6 ,

C. 516, L. 186, B, 134, Bi. 720, H. 134, Hi. 720, BN. 106,
BA. 107, Ai. 1009, Nh. 51, Nw. 25, Ni. 490, Ow. 39, Oh. 33,
Oi. 846, Ca. 1350.

Presented by Sir J. JJ. Hooker, 186G.

136

POLYNESIA.

800. The articulated skeleton of a male native of Tahiti. 0. C.
5386.

Prepared from a man named Tera Poo, who died in the
London Hospital of phthisis, June 1816. Three specimens of
tattooed skin from the same individual are preserved in the
Physiological Series, Nos. 1866 c, n, e.

The third left rib is bifurcated at its sternal extremity ; but
the cartilages continued from its divisions converge and unite to
form a single articulation with the sternum at the usual place.

Height of skeleton 5 feet 7'1 inches = 1705.

Clavicle 157, humerus 319, radius 266, femur 462, tibia 378.

Cranium: C. 498, L. 176, B. 137, Bi. 778, H. 141, Hi. 801,
m. 105, BA. 106, Ai. 1010, Nh. 53, Nw. 25, Ni. 472, Ow. 40,
Oh. 36, Oi. 900, Ca. 1400.

Presented by Sir William Blizard, 1816.

The four following skulls of ancient inhabitants of the Sand-
wich Islands were taken by Mr. Greenwell from a cave in the
side of a hill in the district of Cona, island of Hawaii (Owyhee),
within a few miles of the spot where Captain Cook was killed.

801. A skull from a cave in Hawaii : S .

C. 515, L. 190, B. 131, Bi. 695, H. 144, Hi. 758, BN. 113,
BA. 109, Ai. 965, Nh. 54, Nw. 24, Ni. 444, Ow. 39, Oh. 37,
Oi. 949, Ca. 1350.

Presented by Dr. Henry Hunt, 1866.

802. A cranium from a cave in Hawaii : <5 .

C. 520, L. 175, B. 150, Bi. 857, H. 151, Hi. 863, BN. 106,
BA. 103, Ai. 972, Nh. 51, Nw. 23, Ni. 451, Ow. 40, Oh. 38,
Oi. 950, Ca. 1550.

Presented by Dr. Henry Hunt, 1866.

803. A ci-anium from a cave in Hawaii : S .

The frontal region is much depressed.

C. 500, L 175, B. 143, Bi. 817, H. 134, Hi. 766, BN. 102,
BA. 103, Ai. 1010, Nh. 46, Nw. 25, Ni. 543, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897, Ca. 1350.

Presented by Dr. Henry Hunt, 1866.

SANDWICH ISLANDS.

137

804. A cranium from a cave in Hawaii : $ .

C. 490, L. 181, B. 130, Bi. V18, H. 135, Hi. 746, BN. 98,
BA. 98, Ai. 1000, Nh. 47, Nw. 23, Ni, 489, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
01. 895, Ca. 1250.

Presented hy Dr. Henry Hunt, 186G.

805. The cranium of a native of the Sandwich Islands : <S .

0. C. 5387.

The supraorbital, supramastoid, occipital, and other ridges for
muscular attachments are greatly developed.

C. 530, L. 185, B. 148, Bi. 800, H. 140, Hi. 757, BN". Ill,
BA. Ill, Ai. 1000, Nh. 54, Nw. 25, Ni. 463, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,

01. 872, Ca. 1475.

Presented hy B. Travers, Esq., Jun., 1849.

806. A cranium from Easter Island.

C. 510, L. 188, B. 130, Bi. 691, H. 137, Hi. 729, BK 106,
BA. 106, Ai. 1000, Nh. 48, Nw. 24, Ni. 500, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1325.

Presented hy Pr'ofessor Huxley, 1879.

!

138

AMEllJCA.

5. AMERICA.
A. Eskimo.

807. The skull of an Eskimo from Greenland -.6. 0. C. 5479.

C. 524, L. 188, B. 134, Bi. 713, H. 147, Hi. 782, BN. Ill,
■ BA. 109, Ai. 982, Nh. 55, Nw. 23, Ni. 418, Ow. 41, Oh. 38,
Oi. 927, Ca. 1580.

Purchased, 1843.

808. The skull of an Eskimo from Greenland : 6. 0. C. 5480.

C. 525, L. 190, B. 134, Bi. 705, H. 139, Hi. 732, m. 109,
BA. 106, Ai. 972, Nh. 61, Nw. 23, M. 377, Ow. 40, Oh. 37,
Oi. 925, Ca. 1510.

Purchased, 1843.

809. The cranium of an Eskimo from Greenland : d . 0. C.

5481 & 5764.

There is a Wormian bone at the anterior extremity of the
sagittal suture.

C. 534, L. 193, B. 138, Bi. 715, H. 150, Hi. 777, BN. 117,
BA. 110, Ai. 940, Nh. 61, Nw. 25, Ni. 410, Ow. 43, Oh. 37,
Oi. 860, Ca. 1630.

Purchased, 1843.

810. The cranium of an Eskimo from Greenland: d. 0. C.

5482.

The basilar suture is not completelj^ uuited. The right upper
third molar has been acquired ; the left is absent.

C. 517, L. 189, B. 125, Bi. 661, H. 145, Hi. 767, BN. 112,
BA. 112, Ai. 1000, Nh. 59, Nw. 25, M. 424, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1400.

Purchased, 1843.

811. The cranium of an Eskimo : $ .

Obtained by the donor from a native grave in the district of
Egedesminde, North Greenland, July 1875.

There is complete synostosis of the sagittal suture, although
traces of the basilar suture arc stiU present.

ESKIMO.

139

C 510, L. 178, B. 140, Bi. 787, H. 128, Hi. 710, BN. 94,
BA. 97, Ai. 1032, Nh. 47, Nw. 22, Ni. 4G8, Ow. 88, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1510.

Presented by Capt. H. W. Feilclen, R.A., 1877.

The twelve following specimens were taken from a burial-place
in a deserted settlement on the island of Uperuavik, North
Greenland, by Arthur C. Horner, Esq., Surgeon to Captain Sir
Allen Young's yacht ' Pandora,' during the cruise of that vessel
in the summer of 1876.

812. The skull of an Eskimo from Upernavik : 6 .

C. 558, L. 208, B. 143, Bi. 688, H. 144, Hi. 692, BN. 108,
BA. 113, Ai. 1046, Nh. 56, Nw. 24, Ni. 428, Ow. 42, Oh. 38,
Oi. 905, Ca. 1700.

Presented by Sir Allen Young, 1877.

813. The skull of an Eskimo from Upernavik re?.

C. 529, L. 193, B. 133, Bi. 689, H. 143, Hi. 741, BN. 107,
BA. 105, Ai. 981, Nh. 68, Nw. 24, Ni. 414, Ow. 41, Oh. 39,
Oi. 951, Ca. 1550.

Presented by Sir Allen Young, 1877.

814. The skull of an Eskimo from Upernavik : d" .

C. 522, L. 186, B. 139, Bi. 747, H. 133, Hi. 715, BN. 97,
BA. 100, Ai. 1031, Nh. 53, Nw. 24, Ni. 453, Ow. 40, Oh. 35,
Oi. 875, Ca. 1460.

Presented by Sir Allen Young, 1877.

815. The cranium of an Eskimo from Upernavik: 6 .

C. 530, L. 190, B. 139, Bi. 732, H. 145, Hi. 763, BN. 105,
BA. 113, Ai. 1076, Nh. 60, Nw. 25, Ni. 417, Ow. 40, Oh. 34,
Oi. 850, Ca. 1570.

Presented hy Sir Allen Young, 1877.

816. The cranium of an Eskimo from Upernavik : 6.

There are two large symmetrical distinct ossifications in the
upper part of the siipraocciptal, forming a double " ei)actal."

C. 514, L. 190, B. 128, Bi. 674, H. 139, Hi. 732, BN. 106,
. BA. 105, Ai. 991, Nh. 54, Nw. 23, Ni. 426, Ow. 42, Oh. 37,
Oi. 881, Ca. 1460.

Prcsenied hy Sir Allen Young, 1877.

140

AMERICA.

817. The skull of an Eskimo from Upernavik : 6.

C. 543, L. 200, B. 140, Bi. 700, H. 142, Hi. 712, BN 99,
BA. 99, Ai. 1000, Nh. 52, Nw. 22, Ni. 423, Ow. 41, Oh. 36,
Oi. 878, Ca. 1710.

Presented by Sir Allen Young , 1877.

818. The cranium of an Eskimo from Upernavik : c?.

C. 532, L. 189, B. 142, Bi. 751, H. 135, Hi. 714, BN. 100,
BA. 104, Ai. 1040, Nh. 51, Nw. 24, Ni. 471, Ow. 40, Oh. 35,
Oi. 875, Ca. 1570.

Presented by Sir Allen Young, 1877.

819. The skull of an Eskimo from Upernavik : $ .

C, 493, L. 178, B. 128, Bi. 719, H. 135, Hi. 758, BN. 102,
BA. 104, Ai. 1020, Nh. 49, Nw. 20, Ni. 408, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897, Ca. 1290.

Presented by Sir Allen Young, 1877.

820. A mutilated and weatherworn skull of an Eskimo from

Upernavik.

C. 512, L. 183, B. 138, Bi. 754, H. 132, Hi. 721.

Presented by Sir Allen Young, 1877.

821. The lower jaw of an Eskimo from Upernavik.

Presented by Sir Allen Young, 1877.

822. The lower jaw of an Eskimo from Upernavik.

Presented by Sir Allen Young, 1877.

823. The facial portion of the skull (frontals, maxillaries, and

mandible) of an Eskimo child from Upernavik.

The milk- dentition is in place. The frontals are completely
imited and unsymmetrically distorted.

Presented by Sir Allen Young, 1877.

824. The cranium of an Eskimo from Wolstenholme Sound,

North Greenland : cJ. 0. C. 5477.

Taken from a 'burial-ground at Wolstenholme Sound by
James Donnet, Esq., Surgeon R.N.

The atlas is ankylosed to the occipital condyles.

C. 538, L. 195, B. 140, Bi. 718, H. 142, Hi. 728, BN. 105,
BA. 103, Ai. 981, Nh. 53, Nw. 23, Ni. 434, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897, Ca. 1730.
Presented by Archibald Gilchrist, Esq., Surgeon R.N., 1852.

ESKIMO.

141

825. The cranium of an Eskimo from Wolstenliolmc Sound : d ,

Found at a native settlement called Naksaksua, in Wolsten-
holmo Sound.

C. 531, L. 194, B. 141, Bi. 727, H. 143, Hi. 737, BN. Ill,
BA. 112, Ai. 1009, Nh. 54, Nw. 23, Ni. 426, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897, Ca. 1430.

Presented hy Admiral Sir Erasmus Ommanney, 1852.

826. The skull of an Eskimo from Whale Sound : $ .

Obtained, August 29tli, 1876, by Arthur C. Horner, Esq.,
Surgeon to Sir Allen Young's yacht ' Pandora,' from a burial-
place at an Eskimo settlement called Netlek, in Baden Baj^,
"Whale Sound, at the extreme north of Baffin's Bay, almost the
furthest point inhabited by man. The body was wrapped in
walrus-skin.

The basilar suture has but recently united; and the third
molars are not in place.

C. 481, L. 169, B. 132, Bi. 781, H. 134, Hi. 793, BN. 104,
BA. 97, Ai. 933, Nh. 49, Nw. 21, Ni. 429, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1230.

Presented hy Sir Allen Young, 1877.

827. The mutilated and weatherworn cranium of an Eskimo.

0. C. 5483.

Found in 1818 in a tumulus on a promontory or headland
called by the natives Sichilik, on the north-west coast of
Greenland.

C. 505, L. 183, B. 132, Bi. 721, H. 131, Hi. 716.
Presented hy Alexander Fisher, Esq., Surgeon R,N., of
H.M.S. ^Alexander'' (Captain Parry), Ross's
First Expedition, 1819.

828. The cranium of an Eskimo : $ . 0. C. 5474.

Probably from Melville Peninsula.

C. 488, L. 175, B. 134, Bi. 766, H. 125, Hi. 714, BN. 100,
BA. 110, Ai. 1100, Nh. 49, Nw. 21, Ni. 429, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,

01. 868, Ca. 1285.

Presented hy Admiral Sir Edward Parry, 1823.

829. The cranium of an Eskimo : 2 . 0. C. 5475.

Probably from Melville Peninsula.

C. 511, L. 185, B. 137, Bi. 741, H. 137, Hi. 741, BN. 99,
BA. 97, Ai. 980, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490, Ow. 42, Oh. 34,
Oi. 810, Ca. 1440.

Presented hy Admiral Sir Edward Parry, 1823.

142

AMERICA.

830. The mutilated and weatherworn cranium of an Eskimo :

d. 0. C. 5476.

Probably from Melvillo Peninsula.

C. 545, L. 201, B. 135, Bi. 672, H. 145, Hi. 721.

Presented by Admiral Sir Edward Parry, 1823.

831. The skull of an Eskimo from Pond's Bay, west coast of

Baffin's Bay : 6 .

C. 492, L. 175, B. 133, Bi. 760, H. 134, Hi. 766, BN. 97,
BA. 95, Ai. 979, Nh. 52, Nw. 21, Ni. 404, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
01. 895, Ca. 1230.

Presented by Admiral Sir Edward Belclier, 1855.

832. The skull of an Eskimo from Port Dundas, Lancaster

Sound, N. lat. 74° 20', W. long. 81° 50': ^.

C. 522, L. 187, B. 138, Bi. 738, H. 137, Hi. 733, m. 104,
BA. 107, Ai. 1029, Nb. 54, Nw. 24, Ni. 444, Ow. 40, Oh. 37,
Oi. 925, Ca. 1630.

Presented by Lieut. Elliott, R.N., 1854.

833. The cranium of an Eskimo from the same locality : $ .

C. 498, L. 183, B. 128, Bi. 699, H. 138, Hi. 754, BIT. 102,
BA. 101, Ai. 990, Nh. 51, Nw. 23, Ni. 451, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
Oi. 919, Ca. 1310.

Presented by Lieut. Elliott, R.N., 1854.

834. The articulated skeleton of a male Eskimo. 0. C. 5442

to 5472 *.

Many of the bones of the hands and feet are missing.

There are eighteen dorso-lumbar vertebra3, one being in-
termediate between the dorsal and lumbar series in position
and characters. It appears to have borne a smaU pair of libs
(now missing) on the transverse processes, but not articulating
with the body.

Height of skeleton 5 feet 0-8 inch = 1545.

Clavicle 152 ; humerus, r. 294, 1. 288 ; radius, r. 208, 1. 208 ;
femur, r. 425, I. 431 ; tibia, r. 333, I. 336.

* In a manuscript note to one of the Catalogues it is stated that this and
the two following are from Boothia ; but the authority for tlie statement is
not given. They were in the Museum before 1841, as they are included m
the list of skeletons in the store-room printed in that year.

ESKIMO.

143

Cranium: C. 531, L. VJ'3, li. 137, Bi. 710, II. ];i9. Hi. 720,
BN. 107, BA. 108, Ai. 1009, Nh, 55, Nw. 22, Ni. 400, Ow. 40,
Oh. 37, Oi. 925, Ca. 1610.

Presented hy Admiral Sir James C. Ross.

835. The articulated skeleton of a female Eskimo. (Skull,

0. C. 5473.)

This skeleton has also eighteen dorso-lumbar vertebras.

The right femur and most of the bones of the hands and foot
are missing.

Height of skeleton 4 feet 6'1 inches = 1373.

Clavicle, r. and I. 129 ; humerus, r. 281, I. 274 ; radius,
r. 202, I. 197 ; femur, I. 390 ; tibia, r. 305, I 306.

Cranium : C. 502, L. 183, B. 129, Bi. 705, H. 130, Hi. 710,
BN. 96, BA. 100, Ai. 1042, Nh. 50, Nw. 22, Ni. 440, Ow. 39,
Oh. 32, Oi. 820, Ca. 1330."

Presented hy Admiral Sir James C. Ross.

836. The imperfect skeleton of a male Eskimo. (Cranium,

0. C. 5478 & 5758.)

It has the normal number of vertebrae. The right femur is
missing.

Clavicle 150 ; humerus, r. 310, 1. 304 ; radius, r. 222, 1. 223 ;
femur, I. 443 ; tibia, r. 326, I. 324.

Cranium : C. 522, L. 191, B. 133, Bi. 696, H. 140, Hi. 733,
BN. 109, BA. 108, Ai. 991, Nh. 62, Nw. 22, Ni. 423, Ow. 40,
Oh. 34, Oi. 850, Ca. 1510.

Presented hy Admiral Sir James C, Ross,

B. West Coast of North America.

837. The cranium of a " Flat-head " Indian from the banks of
the Columbia river, artificially deformed by fronto-
occipital compression in infancy, producing antero-
posterior shortening and great lateral expansion : <S .
0. C. 5410.

It is metopic, though the sagittal and the lower ends of the
coronal sutures are obliterated. An epactal bone is separated
from tho supraoccipital by a very complex denticulated suture.

144

AMERICA.

C. 543, L. 165, B. 183, Bi. 1109, H. 131, Hi. 794, BN. 100,
BA. 108, Ai. 1080, Nh. 54, Nw. 26, Ni. 481, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897, Ca. 1650.

Purchased.

838. The cranium of a " Flat-head " Indian from Columbia

Eiver, similarly deformed : S - 0. C. 5411.

There is a small Wormian bone on each side of the coronal
suture, aud traces of a large epactal in the supraoccipital.

C. 547, L. 173, B. 163, Bi. 942, H. 134, Hi. 775, BN. 99,
BA. 109, Ai. 1101, Nh. 51, Nw. 27, Ni. 529, Ow. 41, Oh. 36,
Oi. 878, Ca. 1600.

Purchased from Dr. Vesalius Pettigrew, 1853

839. The skull of a female infant from Columbia River, who had

died during the process of flattening. 0. C. 5412.

" The deciduous incisors have cut the gum ; not the deciduous
canines or molars. The elements of the occipital are ununited.
The supraoccipital is expanded, almost flattened, and pushed
unsymmetrically to the left side, by the pressure of the lower
flattening-board, which has also flattened the lower part of the
right parietal. The eff'ect of the upper flattening-board is more
remarkably shown upon the frontals and contiguous parts of
the parietals ; the sutures are linear, and the great fontaneUe is
widely open ; the compressed brain has pushed forwards the
orbital plates of the sphenoids and frontals, and must have
caused the eyeballs to protrude frightfully ; the lower border
of the orbits is much advanced beyond the upper one. The
maxillo-premaxillary suture remains on the palate and in front
of the nasal cavity. The nasals, molars, and right exoccipital
are wanting." 0. C. p. 843.

C. 46, L. 137, B. 147, Bi. 1073, H. 89, Hi. 650.

Purchased from Dr. Vesalius Pettigrew, 1853.

840. The cranium of a young " Flat-head " Indian from Co-

lumbia River, artificially deformed by frouto-occipital
compression, Avith great and unsymmetrical lateral
bulging : ? 0. C. 5409.

The basilar suture is not united, though the third molars have
been acquired.

C. 527, L. 152, B. 182, Bi. 1197, H. 135, Hi. 888, m. 97,
BA. 94, Ai. 969, Nh. 52, Nw. 22, Ni. 423, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897, Ca. 1670.

P^irchased.

WEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA.

145

841. The cranium of a " Flat-head " or Chenook Indian from

the Columbia River, artificially deformed by fronto-
occipital pressure : d" •

Tho squamosals almost meet the frontal on both sides. There
are Wormian bones in both sides of the coronal suture.

C. 540, L. 168, B. 163, Bi. 970, H. 130, Hi. 774, BN. 90,
BA. 97, Ai. 1078, Nh. 57, Nw. 23, Ni. 403, Ow. 38, Oh. 37,
Oi. 974, Ca. 1580.

Presented hy Oioen Rees, Esq., 1868.

842. The cranium of a " Flat-head " Indian from the banks of

the Columbia River, similarly deformed : ? . 0. C.
5407.

There are Wormian bones on both sides of the coronal
suture.

C. 480, L. 140, B. 153, Bi. 1093, H. 122, Hi. 871, BJf. 87,
BA. 95, Ai. 916, Nh. 52, Nw. 23, Ni. 442, Ow. 37, Oh. 35,
Oi. 946, Ca. 1130.

Astley Cooper Collection. Purchased, 1843.

843. The skull of a " Flat-head " Indian from Coffin Island,

Columbia River, similarly deformed : $ . 0. C. 5408.

It has a large, irregular, vertically-divided " epactal,"

C. 495, L. 155, B. 153, Bi. 987, H. 130, Hi. 839, m. 95,

BA. 93, Ai. 979, Nh. 51, Nw. 24, Ni. 471, Ow. 40, Oh. 37,

Oi. 925, Ca. 1320.

Presented hy Admiral Sir E. Belcher, 1842.

844. The cranium of an Indian from Vancouver's Island,

similarly deformed : $ .

The atlas is ankylosed to the base of the skull.

C. 495, L. 153, B. 155, Bi. 1013, H. 120, Hi. 784, BN. 94,
BA. 100, Ai. 1064, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490, Ow. 40, Oh. 34,
Oi. 850, Ca. 1305.

Presented hy Dr. J. T. Caddy, Surgeon R.N., 1861.

845. The cranium of an Indian from Vancouver's Island, simi-

larly but very unsymmetrically deformed : c? .

C. 520, L. 170, B. 156, Bi. 918, H. 125, Hi. 735, BN. 98,
BA. 103, Ai. 1051, Nh. 48, Nw. 24, Ni. 500, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1530.

Presented hy Dr. J. T. Caddy, Surgeon R.N., 1861.

L

146

AMERICA.

846. The deformed cranium of an Indian from Vancouver's

Island : c? •

This differs from all the foregoing, inasmuch as the occipital
region has retained its normal shape, the evidence of pressure
being confined to the frontal region. It has epipterics on both
sides, and a distinct " interparietal."

C. 520, L. 170, B. 156, Bi. 918, H. 125, Hi. 735, BN. 107,
BA. 113, Ai. 1056, Nh. 51, Nw. 24, Ni. 471, Ow. 42, Oh. 37,
Oi. 881, Ca. 1510.

Presented by Dr. J. T. Caddy, Surgeon R.N., 1861.

847. A skull from an Indian grave at Sook Harbour, Vancouver's

Island, with the frontal region artificially depressed : 6 .

There are small Wormian bones on both sides of the coronal
suture.

C. 530, L. 172, B. 166, Bi. 965, H. 127, Hi. 738, BN. 97,
BA. 103, Ai. 1062, Nh. 52, Nw. 24, Ni. 460, Ow. 41, Oh. 39,
Oi. 951, Ca. 1560.

Purchased, 1879.

848. A similarly flattened skull from Sook Harbour, Vancouver's

Island : 6 .

C. 512, L. 167, B. 160, Bi. 958, H. 127, Hi. 760, BN. 100,
BA. 107, Ai. 1070, Nh. 57, Nw. 26, Ni. 456, Ow. 40, Oh. 38,
Oi. 950, Ca. 1400.

Purchased, 1879.

849. A flattened skull from Sook Harbour, Vancouver's Island :

6-

C. 508, L. 162, B. 159, Bi. 981, H. 130, Hi. 802, BN. 105,
BA. 105, Ai. 1000, Nh. 51, Nw. 25, Ni. 490, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897, Ca. 1475.

Purchased, 1879.

850. A flattened skull from Sook Harbour, Vancouver's Island.

C. 520, L. 170, B. 160, Bi. 941, H. 130, Hi. 765, BN. 99,
BA. 95, Ai. 960, Nh. 48, Nw. 23, Ni. 479, Ow. 41, Oh. 36,
Oi. 878, Ca. 1500.

Purchased, 1879.

851. A flattened skull from Sook Harbour, Vancouver's Island :

?.

C. 510, L. 169, B. 155, Bi. 917, H. 126, Hi. 746, BN. 99,
BA. 103, Ai. 1040, Nh. 52, Nw. 22, Ni. 423, Ow. 39, Oh. 36,
Oi. 923, Ca. 1330.

Purchased, 1879.

00

WEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA.

147

852. A flattened skull from Sook Harbour, Vancouver's Island :

?•

C. 498, L. 158, B. 156, Bi. 987, H. 126, Hi. 797, BN". 96,
Nh. 49, Nw. 22, Ni. 449, Ow. 43, Oh. 38, Oi. 884, Ca.
1295.

Purchased, 1879.

853. The artificially deformed cranium of an Indian of the Qua-

michan tribe, residing near Cowichan, on the east coast
of Vancouver's Island : 5 .
CoUected in 1869 by F. Dally, D.D.S.

The forehead is depressed, the occiput flattened, the parietala
laterally expanded, and there is a circular constriction behind
the coronal suture.

C. 470, L. 152, B. 152, Bi. 1000, H. 129, Hi. 849, m. 92,
BA. 94, Ai. 1022, Fh. 49, Nw. 21, Ni. 429, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
Oi. 919, Ca. 1220.

Purchased, 1879.

854. The cranium of an Indian boy of the Qaamichan tribe, in-

habiting the Cowichan valley, on the east coast of Van-
couver's Island.

CoUected in 1869 by F. Dally, D.D.S.

It has not been depressed, but perhaps sHghtly elongated by
circular constriction, as seen in a more marked degree in the
following specimen. The permanent incisors and the first per-
manent molars have been acquired, but both milk-molars are
still in place.

C. 473, L. 169, B. 124, Bi. 734, H. 123, Hi. 728, BN". 90,
BA. 93, Ai. 1033, Fh. 42, Nw. 22, Ki. 524, Ow. 36, Oh. 32,
Oi. 889.

Purchased, 1879.

855. The skull of an Indian of the Chenook tribe, inhabiting the

banks of the Columbia River at its outlet into the Pacific :
cJ. O.C. 5413.

It has been artificially elongated during infancy by the appli-
cation of constricting bandages, which have produced a trans-
verse depression immediately behind the coronal suture. The
squamosals almost meet the f rentals. There are two small
epipterics on the right side ; and there are smaU Wormian bones
in the coronal suture.

L 2

148

AMERICA.

C. 525, L. 186, B. 140, Bi. 753, H. 140, Hi. 753, BN. 109,
BA. 114, Ai. 1046, Nh. 57, Nw. 25, Ni. 438, Ow. 42, Oh. 37,
Oi. 881, Ca. 1625.

Presented hy Frederick Tyrrell, Esq.

856. The skull of a Koskeemo Indian, a small tribe inhabiting the

shores of the Quatsino Sound, north-west coast of Van-
couver's Island.

It has been artificially elongated by the same process as the
last, but to a very remarkable degree. There is a distinct
interparietal bone.

This skull presents all the characteristics of the male sex, and
is of middle age, as is shown by the partial consolidation of the
calvarial sutures. It is, however, stated by Mr. Robert Brown
(who obtained it in Vancouver's Island in 1866) that this form of
distortion is only practised upon the females of the tribe, and
that this particular skull is that of the girl figured at p. 277 of
Mayne's ' Four Years in British Columbia ' (1862).

C. 560, L. 208, B. 132, Bi. 635, H. 141, Hi. 678, BN. 102,
BA. 105, Ai. 1029, Nh. 67, Nw. 24, Ni. 421, Ow. 40, Oh. 42,
Oi. 1050, Ca. 1630.

Purchased, 1868.

857. The skull and innominate bones of a Sheshaaht-Indian slave

woman : $ .

" Obtained by Mr. Robert Brown, in 1866, on Observatory
Island, Stamps Harbour, Alberni Canal, Vancouver's Island.
On account of her servile birth, her head had not been
distorted."

The basilar suture has but recently united ; and the last molars
are not in place.

C. 497, L. 177, B. 137, Bi. 774, H. 133, Hi. 751, BN. 100,
BA. 100, Ai. 1000, Nh. 46, Nw. 23, Ni. 500, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1330.

Purchased, 1868.

858. The mutilated cranium of a female Tsougeisth, or Songhies

Indian.

Obtained by Mr. Robert Brown, in 1863, at Victoria Arm,
Vancouver's Island.

C. 478, L. 168, B. 137, Bi. 815, Nh. 49, Nw. 23, Ni. 469,
Ow. 37, Oh. 37, Oi. 1000, Ca. 1220.

Purchased, 1868.

EASTERN AND CENTRAL NORTH AMERICA.

149

859. The cranium of an Indian from Santa Cruz Island, off the
coast of California : d .

C. 512, L. 182, B. 142, Bi. 780, H. 133, Hi. 731, BN. 103,
BA. 103, Ai. 1000, Nh. 50, Nw. 26, Ni. 520, Ow. 40, Oh. 37,
01. 925, Ca. 1400.

Presented by the Peabody Musevm of American
Archceology and Ethnology, 1879.

C. Eastern and Central Regions of North America.

860. A mutilated cranium which was found in a saltpetre-cave

in Tennessee State : c?. 0. C. 5441.

C. 502, L. 179, B. 135, Bi. 755, H. 142, Hi. 793, BN. 105,
Ow. 38, Oh. 33, Oi. 868, Ca. 1370.

Purchased.

861. The mutilated cranium of an Indian from Tennessee : 6 .

Metopic.

C. 522, L. 186, B. 140, Bi. 753, H. 140, Hi. 753, BN. 106,
Ow. 39, Oh. 33, Oi. 846, Ca. 1450 (approx.).

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1865.

862. The cranium of a Messisaqua, or Mohawk Indian, from an

old battle-ground at Rice Lake : S .

C. 510, L. 185, B. 138, Bi. 746, H. 138, Hi. 746, BN. 106,
BA. 107, Ai. 1009, Nh. 53, Nw. 28, Ni. 528, Ow. 39, Oh. 34.
Oi. 872, Ca. 1390.

Presented by George Gulliver, Esq., 1863.

The following twelve specimens were collected in the United
States by Mr. George Russell, and were purchased from him in
1860. They were accompanied by a full MS. description of the
circumstances under which they were found.

863. The mutilated cranium of an Osage Indian : 6 .

C. 515, L. 170, B. 157, Bi. 924.

Purchased, 1860.

150

AMERICA.

864. The mutilated cranium of an Uchee Indian : $ .

" A tribe characterized by their small round heads. Obtained
from the Pea River battle-ground (Alabama), where they gave
General "Welbourne a hard fight. Their women served them
with ammunition during the action."

C. 472, L. 161, B. 135, Bi. 839, H. 128, Hi. 795, BN. 96,
Ca. 1150.

Purchased, 1860.

865. The cranium of a Shawnee Indian : $ .

From the Shawnee territory, west of Arkansas. Most of the
teeth have been lost during life ; and the sagittal suture is partly
consolidated. The left paroccipital process is so greatly deve-
loped as to have articulated with the transverse process of the
atlas.

C. 496, L. 174, B. 139, Bi. 799, H. 127, Hi. 730, BN. 90,
Ow. 40, Oh. 36, Oi. 900, Ca. 1230.

Purchased, 1860.

866. The cranium of a young Chickasaw Indian from the Upper

Mississippi.

The basilar suture has not united ; and the last molars are
not fully in place.

C. 492, L. 176, B. 137, Bi. 778, H. 136, Hi. 773, BN. 102,
BA. 98, Ai. 961, Nh. 50, Nw. 24, Ni. 480, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1320.

Purchased, 1860.

867. A cranium said to be that of " a Creek-Indian Squaw "

from the Upper Mississippi : $ .

C. 510, L. 186, B. 136, Bi. 731, H. 140, Hi. 753, BN. 101,
BA. 101, Ai. 1000, Nh. 47, Nw. 23, Ni. 489, Ow. 36, Oh. 30,
Oi. 833, Ca. 1420.

Purchased, 1860.

868. The mutilated cranium of a Choctaw Indian, named " Co-

you-ho-mo": $?

It has been remarkably deformed by pressure applied to the
region of the lambda and causing an anterior projection of the
forehead. The lower extremities of the coronal and the parieto-
sphenoidal and fronto-sphenoidal sutures are closed ; but all the
other calvarial sutures are quite free.

C. 490, L. 165, B. 145, Bi. 879, H. 136, Hi. 824, BN. 97,
Ow. 38, Oh. 33, Oi. 868.

Purchased, 1860.

EASTERN AND CENTRAL NORTH AMERICA. 151

869. A skull from a mound twenty feet high on the bank of the

Mississippi, twelve miles below Memphis : $ .

It has been obliquely flattened posteriorly.

C. 465, L. 152, B. 145, Bi. 954, H. 140, Hi. 921, Ca. 1210.

Purchased, 1860.

870. A skull found in 1849 in an ancient mound near Franklin,

in Middle Tennessee : 6 .

The extreme natm-al brachycephaly appears to have been
increased by pressure ou the occiput in infancy ; but otherwise
it is uot deformed.

C. 473, L. 156, B. 148, Bi. 949, H. 143, Hi. 917, BN. 99,
Ca. 1260.

Furchased, 1860.

871. A similar skull from the same mound : cS .

There is a nearly symmetrical pair of Wormian bones at the
posterior end of the sagittal suture.

C. 483, L. 155, B. 149, Bi. 961, H. 143, Hi. 923, BN. 100,
BA. 102, Ai. 1020, Nh. 52, Nw. 24, Ni. 460, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
Oi. 919, Ca. 1305.

Purchased, 1860.

872. A cast of the skull of a Natchez Indian : 6 .

The original was obtained by Dr. Powell, of Memphis, from
a mound within three miles of Natchez, Mississippi. It has been
artificially flattened in the antero-posterior direction by com-
pression on the frontal and on the supraoccipital and posterior
parietal regions, so as to produce great elevation of the vertex.

C. 485, L. 146, B. 163, Bi. 1117.

Purchased, 1860.

873. The cast of a skull taken from a mound near Bellefonte,

North Alabama : c? .

Probably that of a Natchez Indian. The forehead has been
artificially flattened.

C. 505, L. 160, B. 155, Bi. 969.

Purchased, 1860.

874. A mutilated cranium from North Alabama.

The forehead appears to have been flattened artificially.

Purchased, 1860.

152

AMERICA.

875. A cranium from an ancient stone grave in a mound in

Tennessee : d .

The occipital region has been unsymmetrically flattened.
Bony growths nearly fill both external auditory meatuses.

C. 503, L. 167, B. 148, Bi. 886, H. 149, Hi. 892, BN. 106,
BA. 104, Ai. 981, Nh. 57, Nw. 26, Ni. 456, Ow. 40, Oh. 35,
Oi. 875, Ca. 1570.

Presented hy the Peabody Museum of Amencan
Archeology and Ethnology, 1879.

876. A cranium found in an ancient mound in the western part

of the state of Missouri : $ .

It presents no sign of artificial deformation. The calvarial
sutures are almost obliterated. The squamosals appear to have
joined the frontals on both sides.

C. 458, L. 162, B. 118, Bi. 728, H. 137, Hi. 846, BN. 97,
BA. 94, Ai. 969, Nh. 52, Nw. 22, Ni. 423, Ow. 37, Oh. 37,
Oi. 1000, Ca. 1090.

Presented hy the Rev. E. E. Beadle, 1878.

D. Central America and the Antilles

877. A small skull brought from Mexico : c??

No certain information could be obtained as to the race to
which it belonged, or the exact locality in which it was found.

C. 466, L. 165, B. 127, Bi. 770, H. 124, Hi. 756, BN. 88,
BA. 96, Ai. 1091, Nh. 44, Nw. 22, Ni. 500, Ow. 36, Oh. 33,
Oi. 917, Ca. 1070.

Presented hy Henry Chnsty, Esq., 1865.

878. A mutilated cranium of a Carib found in a cave in Cuba.

It has been artificially distorted by pressure on the frontal
and lower occipital regions.

C. 493, L. 157, B. 158, Bi. 1006, H. 127, Hi. 809, Ca. 1225.

Presented hy Henry Christy, Esq., 1865.

879. The skull of a Carib from one of the Caribbean Islands :

6. 0. C. 5403.
It has a remarkably flat and receding forehead, probably
from the efi^ects of compression in infancy.

GUIANA AND COLUMBIA.

153

C. 515, L. 180, B. 145, Bi. 800, II. 132, Hi. 733, BN. 103,
BA. 108, Ai. 1049, Nh. 55, Nw. 24, Ni. 436, Ow. 39, Oh. 37,
Oi. 949, Ca. 1330.

Tlunterian.

880. The cranium of a Carib from one of the Caribbean Islands:
2 . 0. C. 5404.

C. 500, L. 172, B. 146, Bi. 849, H. 118, Hi. 686, BN. 89,
BA. 92, Ai. 1034, Nh. 54, Nw. 26, Ni. 481, Ow. 37, Oh. 37,
Oi. 1000, Ca. 1215.

Hunterian.

E. Guiana and Columbia.

881. The skull of a Macusi Indian from Guiana: 6. 0. C.

5405.

C. 519, L. 181, B. 145, Bi. 801, H. 133, Hi. 735, BN. 101,
BA. 102, Ai. 1010, Nh. 53, Nw. 28, Ni. 528, Ow. 37, Oh. 37,
Oi. 1000, Ca. 1455.

Purchased from Sir R. H. Sckomburgk, 1840.

882. The cranium of a female Carib or Indian of the Arawaak

tribe, from Guiana. 0. C. 5406.

C. 485, L. 172, B. 135, Bi. 785, H. 122, Hi. 709, BN. 91,
BA. 93, Ai. 1022, Nh. 46, Nw. 25, Ni. 543, Ow. 37, Oh. 33,
Oi. 892, Ca. 1200.

Presented by Sir Robert H. Sclwmburgk, 1844.

883. The skull of a Muizca, or former inhabitant of New

Granada : S •

Taken from an Indian grave in Fontihon, six miles west of
Santa Fe de Bogota, February 1st, 1868, by Mr. George
Crowther.

C. 500, L. 167, B. 145, Bi. 868, H. 135, Hi. 808, BN. 96,
BA. 100, Ai. 1042, Nh. 50, Nw. 25, Ni. 500, Ow. 37, Oh. 33,
Oi. 892, Ca. 1380.

Purchased, 1869.

884. The cranium of a Muizca from Fontibon, near Bogota : d •

It has been artificially flattened in the region of the lambda.
C. 484, L. 168, B. 138, Bi. 821, Nh. 48, Nw. 24, Ni. 500,
Ow. 37, Oh. 35, Oi. 946, Ca. 1300.

Purchased, 1869.

154

AMERICA.

885. The cranium of a Muizca from Fontibon, near Bogota : c? •

C. 510, L. 184, B. 138, Bi. 750, H. 140, Hi. 761, BN. 100,
BA. 98, Ai. 980, Nh. 57, Nw. 25, Ni. 438, Ow. 37, Oh. 39,
Oi. 1054, Ca. 1500.

Purchased, 1869.

886. The cranium of a Muizca from Fontibon, near Bogota.

A narrow elongated cranium of a different type from the
others from the same locality, though the last makes some ap-
proach to it.

C. 509, L. 192, B. 128, Bi. 667, H. 137, Hi. 714, BN". 101,
BA. 106, Ai. 1050, Nh. 48, Ifw. 25, Ni. 521, Oh. 35, Ow. 36,
Oi. 1029, Ca. 1425.

Purchased, 1869.

887. The skull of a Muizca from Tunjuelo, near Bogota : ^ .

The frontal region has been artificially flattened.
C. 500, L. 162, B. 150, Bi. 926, H. 135, Hi. 833, BN. 96,
BA. 101, Ai. 1052, Ow. 39, Oh. 32, Oi. 820, Ca. 1380.

Purchased, 1869.

888. The cranium of a Muizca from Tunjuelo, near Bogota : 6 •

It has been slightly and unsymmetrically distorted by occi-
pital pressure.

C. 485, L. 165, B. 141, Bi. 855, H. 137, Hi. 830, BN. 100,
Ow. 39, Oh. 33, Oi. 846, Ca. 1270.

Purchased, 1869.

889. The bones of a right and a left lower extremity (wanting

the right foot), which accompanied the above skulls.

Purchased, 1869.

890. A skull found (with a small earthen vessel) in an Indian

grave at Quaeta, near Tomeque, New Granada : 6 .

C. 525, L. 183, B. 147, Bi. 803, H. 137, Hi. 749, BN. 102,
Nh. 49, Nw. 26, Ni. 531, Ow. 38, Oh. 34, Oi. 895, Ca. 1460.
Received in exchange from A. W. Franks^ Esq., 1875.

PERU, BOLIVIA, AND CHILE.

155

F. Peru, Bolivia, and Chile.

Tlie following hundred specimens were collected by T. J. Hut-
chinson, Esq., H.M. Consul at Callao, and sent by him to the
Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, being
part of the collection referred to in Mr. Busk's paper entitled
" Remarks on a Collection of 150 Ancient Peruvian Skulls,
presented to the Anthropological Institute by T. J. Hutchinson,
Esq.," &c., ' Journal of the Anthropological Institute,' vol. iii.
p. 86 (1874). They were presented to the College by the
Council of the Institute, June 1873 *.

The following thirty-six specimens were obtained from two
burial-grounds close to the seashore at Pasamayo, five miles
south of ChanQay and thirty miles north of Callao.

891. A skull, remarkably deformed by antero-posterior com-

pression, from Pasamayo : $ ?

The last upper left molar is displaced upwards and backwards.

C. 480, L. 141, B. 160, Bi. 1135, H. 130, Hi. 922, BN. 88,
BA. 92, Ai. 1045, Nh. 50, Nw. 21, Ni. 420, Ow. 38, Oh. 37,
Oi. 974, Ca. 1230.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

892. A cranium from Pasamayo, exhibiting a similar but less

marked deformation : c? ?

C. 482, L. 150, B. 155, Bi. 1033, H. 120, Hi. 800, BN. 92,
BA. 100, Ai. 1087, Nh. 50, Nw. 24, Ni. 480, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1170.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

893. A skull from Pasamayo : 6 .

The sagittal suture is obliterated. As in several others of
this series, the meatus auditorius externus is encroached upon,
almost to occlusion, by bony growths from its walls.

* A corresponding number of lower jaws were presented with the skulls ;
but, except in the few instances in which they appeared to belong to the
same individuals, they have not been attached to the crania, or separately
catalogued, but are preserved in a drawer iu the Museum.

AMERICA.

C. 497, L. 163, B. 148, Bi. 908, H. 135, Hi. 828, BN. 104,
BA. 107, Ai. 1029, Nh. 50, Nw. 23, Ni. 460, Ow. 39, Oh. 33,
Oi. 846, Ca. 1320.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

894. A cranium from Pasamayo : S •

C. 514, L. 172, B. 154, Bi. 895, H. 134, Hi, 779, BN. 98,
BA. 105, Ai. 1071, Nh. 48, Nw. 23, Ni. 479, Oh. 39, Ow. 33,
Oi. 846, Ca. 1500.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

895. A cranium from Pasamayo : S .

The left auditory meatus is remarkably contracted and nearly
filled with osseous growths.

C. 487, L. 167, B. 140, Bi. 838, H. 129, Hi. 772, BN. 94,
BA. 91, Ai. 968, Nh. 50, Nw. 21, Ni. 420, Ow. 33, Oh. 37,
Oi. 892, Ca. 1260.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

896. A cranium from Pasamayo : J •

C. 500, L. 167, B. 149, Bi. 892, H. 135, Hi. 808, BN. 106,
BA. 103, Ai. 972, Nh. 53, Nw. 25, Ni. 472, Ow. 39, Oh. 33,
Oi. 846, Ca. 1310.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

897. A cranium from Pasamayo : 6 •

In the upper part of the supraoccipital are four nearly sym-
metrical independent ossifications.

C. 498, L. 172, B. 142, Bi. 826, H. 128, Hi. 744, BN. 102,
BA. 102, Ai. 1000, Nh. 49, Nw. 23, Ni. 469, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1285.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

898. A cranium from Pasamayo : S •

The auditory meatuses of both sides are reduced to ex-
tremely narrow clefts.

C. 502, L. 171, B. 147, Bi. 860, H. 132, Hi. 772, BN. 104,
BA. 104, Ai. 1000, Nh. 47, Nw. 22, Ni. 468, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1350.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

PERU, BOLIVIA, AND CHILE.

157

899. A cranium from Pasamayo : J •

C. 500, L. 160, B. 155, Bi. 909, H. 141, Hi. 881, BN. 100,
BA. 102, Ai. 1020, Nh. 54, Nw. 23, Ni. 426, Ow. 38, Oh. 36,
Oi. 947, Ca. 1370.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

900. A cranium from Pasamayo : d .

There is a large epipteric bone on the right side. The Wormian
bones in the lambdoidal suture are large and numerous.

C. 495, L. 173, B. 140, Bi. 809, H. 129, Hi. 746, BN. 102,
Nh. 51, Nw. 22, Ni. 431, Ow. 38, Oh. 34, Oi. 921, Ca. 1300.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

901. A cranium from Pasamayo : c?-

The occiput is somewhat flattened. There is a distinct
" interparietal " bone.

C. 492, L. 168, B. 152, Bi. 905, H. 136, Hi. 810, BN. 101,
BA. 101, Ai, 1000, Nh. 50, Nw. 22, Ni. 440, Ow. 37, Oh. 33,
Oi. 892, Ca. 1380.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

902. A cranium from Pasamayo : 6 •

There are two Wormian bones in the posterior end of the
sagittal suture.

C. 500, L. 165, B. 155, Bi. 939, H. 141, Hi. 855, BN. 101,
BA. 101, Ai. 1000, Nh. 48, Nw. 26, Ni. 542, Ow. 37, Oh. 35,
Oi. 946, Ca. 1450.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

903. A cranium from Pasamayo : c? •

C. 502, L. 168, B. 150, Bi. 893, H. 140, Hi. 833, BN. 102,
BA. 100, Ai. 980, Nh. 50, Nw. 23, Ni. 460, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1465.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

904. A cranium from Pasamayo : 6 •

The occiput is flattened.

C. 495, L. 160, B. 158, Bi. 988, H. 137, Hi. 856, BN. 106,
BA. 106, Ai. 1000, Nh. 49, Nw. 22, Ni. 449, Ow. 40, Oh. 35,
Oi. 875, Ca. 1400.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

158

AMERICA.

905. A cranium from Pasamayo : cf .

C. 493, L. 161, B. 151, Bi. 938, H. 133, Hi. 826, BN. 95,
BA. 98, Ai. 1032, Nh. 50, Nw. 21, Ni. 420, Ow. 36, Oh. 34,
Oi. 944, Ca. 1330.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

906. A cranium from Pasamayo : 6 .

The occiput has been flattened.

C. 483, L. 160, B. 145, Bi. 906, H. 131, Hi. 819, BN. 99,
BA. 108, Ai. 1091, Nh. 50, Nw. 24, Ni. 480, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1320.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

907. A cranium from Pasamayo : S .

C. 480, L. 159, B. 150, Bi. 943, H. 130, Hi. 818, BN. 94,
BA. 95, Ai. 1011, Nh. 47, Nw. 21, Ni. 447, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897, Ca. 1360.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

908. A cranium from Pasamayo.

The occiput has been flattened.

C. 506, L. 163, B. 163, Bi. 1000, H. 140, Hi. 859, BN. 103,
BA. 100, Ai. 971, Nh. 47, Nw. 23, Ni. 489, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 868, Ca. 1410.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

909. A cranium from Pasamayo.

C. 473, L. 158, B. 141, Bi. 892, H. 123, Hi. 778, BN. 95,
BA. 100, Ai. 1053, Nh. 46, Nw. 23, Ni. 500, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 868, Ca. 1080.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

910. A cranium from Pasamayo.

C. 487, L. 167, B. 140, Bi. 838, H. 130, Hi. 778, BN. 99,
BA. 103, Ai. 1040, Nh. 46, Nw. 21, Ni. 457, Ow. 36, Oh. 32,
Oi. 889, Ca. 1260.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

911. A cranium from Pasamayo.

There are large exostoses in both auditory meatuses.

C. 485, L. 170, B. 139, Bi. 818, H. 133, Hi. 782, BN. 95,
BA. 92, Ai. 968, Nh. 46, Nw. 24, Ni. 522, Ow. 39, Oh. 33,
Oi. 846, Ca. 1310.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

PERU, BOLIVIA, AND CHILE.

159

912. A cranium from Pasamayo : $ .

It is motopic ; and the occiput has been slightly flattened.

C. 485, L. 154, B. 152, Bi. 987, H. 129, Hi. 838, BN. 91,
BA. 98, Ai. 1077, Nh. 47, Nw. 21, Ni. 447, Ow. 37, Oh. 35,
Oi. 946, Ca. 1280.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

913. A cranium from Pasamayo : $ .

C. 478, L. 161, B. 145, Bi. 901, H. 124, Hi. 770, BN. 90,
BA. 95, Ai. 1056, Nh. 45, Nw. 21, Ni. 467, Ow. 35, Oh. 30,
Oi. 857, Ca. 1165.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

914. A cranium from Pasamayo : $ .

The occiput appears to have been flattened.
C. 460, L. 150, B. 144, Bi. 960, H. 124, Hi. 827, BN. 93,
m. 51, Nw. 22, Ni. 431, Ow. 36, Oh. 36, Oi. 1000, Ca. 1125.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

915. A cranium from Pasamayo : $ .

C. 482, L. 163, B. 138, Bi. 847, H. 128, Hi. 785, BN. 98,
BA. 102, Ai. 1041, Nh. 46, Nw. 25, Ni. 543, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
Oi. 919, Ca. 1260.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

916. A skull from Pasamayo : 2 .

Its natural form appears to have been altered by pressure on
the vertex.

C. 487, L. 160, B. 148, Bi. 925, H. 119, Hi. 744, BN. 92,
BA. 94, Ai. 1022, Nh. 50, Nw. 22, Ni. 440, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1190.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

917. A cranium from Pasamayo : ? .

A very unsymmetrical and probably artificially deformed
cranium.

C. 487, L. 157, B. 150, Bi. 955, H. 125, Hi, 796, BN. 97,
Ow. 38, Oh. 35, Oi. 921, Ca. 1200.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

918. A cranium from Pasamayo : ? .

The calvarial sutures are entirely obliterated. The occiput
appears to have been flattened.

160

AMERICA.

C. 477, L. 152, B. 154, Bi. 1013, H. 134, Hi. 882, BN. 97,
BA. 97, Ai. 1000, Nh. 51, Nw. 24, Ni. 471, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897, Ca. 1220.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

919. A cranium from Pasamayo : $ .

C. 484, L. 158, B. 145, Bi. 918, H. 128, Hi. 810, BN. 93,
BA. 95, Ai. 1022, Nh. 46, Nw. 23, Ni. 500, Ow. 38, Oh. 36,
Oi. 947, Ca. 1225.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

920. A cranium from Pasamayo : $ .

C. 492, L. 160, B. 155, Bi. 969, H. 130, Hi. 813, BN. 95,
BA. 97, Ai. 1021, Nh. 47, Nw. 20, Ni. 426, Ow. 38, Oh. 36,
Oi. 947, Ca. 1380.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

921. A cranium from Pasamayo : $ .

C. 480, L. 162, B. 143, Bi. 883, H. 132, Hi. 815, BN. 95,
BA. 92, Ai. 968, Nh. 45, Nw. 19, Ni. 422, Ow. 38, Oh. 32,
Oi. 842, Ca. 1380.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

922. A mutilated cranium from Pasamayo : $ .

It is metopic ; and the squamosals join the f rentals on both
sides.

C. 465, L. 159, B. 133, Bi. 836, H. 124, Hi. 780, BN. 95,
Ca. 1050.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

923. The cranium .of a young person from Pasamayo : S .

The basilar suture is not completely consolidated; and the
last molars are not fully in place.

C. 482, L. 165, B. 138, Bi. 836, H. 128, Hi. 776, BN. 99,
BA. 108, Ai. 1091, Nh. 49, Nw. 23, Ni. 469, Ow. 38, Oh. 34.
Oi. 895, Ca. 1270.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

924. The skull of a young person from Pasamayo.

The basilar suture is open ; and the third molars are not yet
in place.

C. 485, L. 160, B. 147, Bi. 919, H. 124, Hi. 775, BN. 85,
BA. 85, Ai. 1000, Nh. 46, Nw. 24, Ni. 522, Ow. 36, Oh. 35,
Oi. 972, Ca. 1370,

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

PERU, BOLIVIA, AND CHILE.

Ifil

925. Tlie ci-anium of a child from Pasamayo.

It has been subjected to oblique occipital compression. The
milk-molars are in place, with the first permajjcnt molars.

C. 460, L. 148, B. 142, Bi. 959, H. 110, Hi. 750, BN. 87,
BA. 89, Ai. 977, Nh. 45, Nw. 22, Ni. 489, Ow. 35, Oh. 32,
Oi. 914.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

926. The cranium of a young person from Pasamayo.

The basilar suture is open, and the third molars not fully
developed. This cranium is of a different typo from aU the
foregoing from the same locality, being more elongated and
narrow, and having a transverse postcoronal depression.

C. 463, L. 166, B. 125, Bi. 753, H, 123, Hi. 741, BN. 90,
BA. 87, Ai. 967, Nh, 45, Nw. 22, ^1, 489, Ow, 35, Oh, 32,
Oi. 914.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

The seven following specimens were obtained from a huacq or ancient
burying-ground near Santos, to the north of CaUao. " They are con-
sidered by Mr. Hutchinson to be most likely of the tribe of Chinchas or
Huanchas, or perhaps, as he surmises, of Quichuas or Aymaras; all of
which tribes he states are now probably absorbed into the Gholos, a
mestizo or mixed race"*.

927. A cranium from Santos : <S .

C. 492, L. 168, B. 143, Bi. 851, H. 137, Hi. 816, BN. 100,
mi. 52, Nw. 25, m. 482, Ow. 39, Oh. 34, Oi. 872, Ca. 1290.

Hutchinson Collection, Presented, 1873,

928. A cranium from Santos : 6 .

The occipital region has been obliquely flattened. The right
lateral upper incisor is permanently retained in the alveolus.

C. 490, L. 153, B. 154, Bi. 1007, H. 131, Hi. 856, BIN". 100,
IBA. 103, Ai. 1030, Nh. 46, Nw, 23, Ni. 500, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi, 865, Ca. 1350.

Hutchinson Collection, Presented, 1873.

929. A cranium from Santos : S •

C. 480, L. 163, B. 142, Bi. 871, H. 126, Hi. 773, BN. 101,
BA. 104, Ai. 1030, Nh, 51, Nw. 24, Ni. 471, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 868, Cfi. 1290.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

* Journal of the AiftlirojKilogical Institute, vol. iii. p. 87.

HI

1G2

AMERICA.

i)30. A cranium from Santos : •

C. 500, L. 169, B. 141, Bi. 834, H. 137, Hi, 811, BN. 95,
BA. 97, Ai. 1021, Nh. 45, Nw. 23, Ni. 611, Ow. 39, Oh. 3G,
Oi. 923, Ca. 1380.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

931. A cranium from Santos.

C. 458, L. 156, B. 132, Bi. 846, H. 132, Hi. 846, BN. 99,
Ow. 36, Oh. 31, Oi. 861, Ca. 1010.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

932. A skull from Santos : ? .

There is a median Wormian bone, or small " epactal," at the
apex of the supraoccipital.

C. 477, L. 165, B. 135, Bi. 818, H. 132, Hi. 800, BN. 99,
Nh. 51, Nw. 25, Ni. 490, Ow. 38, Oh. 35, Oi. 921, Ca. 1120.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

933. A cranium from Santos : $ .

The atlas is ankylosed to the occiput.

C. 453, L. 160, B. 123, Bi. 769, H. 120, Hi. 750, BN. 92,
BA. 95, Ai. 1033, Nh. 48, Nw. 23, Ni. 479, Ow. 35, Oh. 33,
Oi. 943, Ca. 1000.

Hntchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

934. A cranium with the hair still attached to the scalp, from

Ancon.

" At Ancon, all the graves contain either pottery, or cloth, or
pieces of fish-nets, or needles for manufacturing nets, or lace-
work, or bags that resemble reticules for ladies."

BN. 92, BA. 96, Ai. 1043, Nh. 43, Nw. 23, Ni. 535, Ow. 36,
Oh. 33, Oi. 917.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

935. A skull from Ancon : d .

C. 500, L. 176, B. 140, Bi. 795, H. 135, Hi. 767, BN. 104,
BA. 106, Ai. 1019, Nh. 50, Nw. 26, Ni. 520, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 868, Ca. 1300.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

936. A skull from Ancon : 6 .

C. 516, L. 180, B. 146, Bi. 811, H. 143, Hi. 794, BN. 102,
BA. 103, Ai. 1010, Nh. 53, Nw. 24, Ni. 453, Ow. 40, Oh. 37,
Oi. 925, Ca. 1600.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

PERU, BOLIVIA, AND CHILE.

163

937. A skull from Ancon :

C. 514, L. 178, B. 153, Bi. 860, H. 184, Hi. 753, BN. 103,
BA. 106, Ai. 1029, Nh. 50, Nw. 23, Ni. 460, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1410.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

938. A skull from Ancon : ^ .

There is a distinct " interparietal ;" and numerous Wormian
bones are present in the lambdoidal suture.

C. 486, L. 168, B. 140, Bi. 833, H, 135, Hi. 804, BN. 97,
BA. 98, Ai. 1010, Nh. 53, Nw. 26, Ni. 491, Ow. 37, Oh, 34,
Oi. 919, Ca. 1280.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, X873,

939. A skull from Ancon : <5 .

C. 470, L. 152, B. 145, Bi. 954, H. 119, Hi. 783, BN. 89,
BA. 93, Ai. 1045, Nh. 48, Nw. 23, Ni. 479, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
Oi. 919, Ca. 1110.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873,

940. A skull from Ancon : cf •

C. 495, L. 173, B. 142, Bi. 821, H. 135, Hi. 780, BN. 102,
BA. 98, Ai. 961, Nh. 52, Nw. 22, Ni. 423, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1300.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873,

941. A cranium from Ancon : 6 .

C. 508, L. 173, B. 150, Bi. 867, H. 140, Hi. 809, BN. 102,
Nh. 50, Nw. 24, Ni. 480, Ow. 40, Oh. 34, Oi. 850, Ca. 1430.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873,

942. A cranium from Ancon : c? ,

C, 480, L. 160, B. 145, Bi. 906, H. 130, Hi. 813, BN. 95,
BA. 100, Ai. 1053, Nh. 50, Nw. 23, Ni. 460, Ow. 39, Oh. 36,
Oi. 923, Ca. X275,

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, X873,

943. A cranium from Ancon : j •

It appears to have been somewhat deformed by fronto-
occipital pressure.

C. 487, L, 155, B. 152, Bi. 981, H. 130, Hi. 839, BN. 93,
BA. 95, Ai. 1022, Nh. 48, Nw. 23, Ni. 479, Ow. 36, Oh. 33,
Oi. 917, Ca. 1300.

IhUchinson Collection, Prps.pnted, 1873,

M 2 '

164

AMERICA.

944. A cranium from Ancon.

C. 482, L. 162, B. 143, Bi. 883, H. 130, Hi. 802, BN. 93,
BA. 98, Ai. 1054, m. 50, Nw. 26, M. 520, Ow. 37, Oh. 35,
Oi. 946, Ca. 1130.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

945. A cranimn from Ancon.

C. 486, L. 166, B. 141, Bi. 849, H. 127, Hi. 765, BN. 92,
BA. 94, Ai. 1022, Nh. 46, Nw. 21, Ni. 457, Ow. 36, Oh. 33,
Oi. 917, Ca. 1100.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

946. A skull from Ancon.

The right squamosal joins the frontal.

C. 486, L. 160, B. 145, Bi. 906, H. 130, Hi. 813, BN. 96,
BA. 98, Ai. 1021, Nh. 48, Nw. 23, Ni. 479, Ow. 39, Oh. 33,
Oi. 846, Ca. 1300.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

947. A cranium from Ancon.

C. 475, L. 156, B. 144, Bi. 923, H. 125, Hi. 801, BN. 92,
Nh. 47, Nw. 23, Ni. 489, Ow. 38, Oh. 33, Oi. 868, Ca. 1130.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

948. A cranium from Ancon.

C. 470, L. 149, B. 139, Bi. 933, H. 123, Hi. 825, BN. 90,
BA. 92, Ai. 1022, Nh. 47, Nw. 21, Ni. 447, Ow. 36, Oh. 31,
Oi. 861, Ca. 1160.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

949. A cranium from Ancon : $ .

C. 474, L. 163, B. 137, Bi. 840, H. 124, Hi. 761, BN. 94,
BA. 100, Ai. 1064, Nh. 50, Nw. 24, Ni. 480, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1130.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

950. A cranium from Ancon : $ .

It has a lozenge-shaped epactal bone.

C. 462, L. 155, B. 139, Bi. 897, H. 122, Hi. 787, BN. 93,
BA. 98, Ai. 1054, Nh. 45, Nw. 21, Ni. 467, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1080.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

PERU, BOLIVIA, AND CHILE.

i)5 1 . A cranium from Ancon : $ .

The calvarial sutures are remarkably simple. The left third
molar is displaced ujiwards and outwards.

C. 490, L. 158, E. 148, Bi. 937, H. 133, Hi. 842, BN. 94,
BA. 95, Ai. 1011, Nh. 50, Nw. 23, Ni. 4G0, Ow. 35, Oh. 34,
Oi. 971, Ca. 1260.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

952. A cranium from Ancon : $ .

The lambdoidal suture is very complex, and contains numerous
Wormian ossicles.

C. 492, L. 165, B. 145, Bi. 879, H. 124, Hi. 756, BN. 94,
BA. 94, Ai. 1000, Nh. 49, Nw. 20, Ni. 408, Ow. 35, Oh. 34,
. Oi. 971, Ca. 1300.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

953. A cranium from Ancon : 2 .

Most of the teeth have been lost during life, and the lower
ends of the coronal sutures are obliterated.

C. 490, L. 160, B. 149, Bi. 931, H. 134, Hi. 838, BN. 98,
Nh. 51, Nw. 23, Ni. 451, Ow. 36, Oh. 36, Oi. 1000, Ca. 1300.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

954. The skull of a young person from Ancon.

The basilar suture is open, and the third molars are not yet
in place.

C. 493, L. 168, B. 147, Bi. 875, H. 122, Hi. 726, BN. 93,
BA. 92, Ai. 989, Nh. 49, Nw. 19, Ni. 388, Ow. 35, Oh. 36,
Oi. 1029, Ca. 1280.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

955. The skull of a child from Ancon.

The milk-teeth only are in place.

C. 434, L. 151, B. 126, Bi. 834, Nh. 32, Nw. 18, Ni. 562,
Ow. 31, Oh. 29, Oi. 935.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

" The five following specimens were picked up at the same place of
interment, near Ancon, from which the mummified bodies had been
turned up by the Spaniards at the time of the conquest, when searching
for treasure. However this may be, it is ciu-ious to find that among
these bones and other relics from the same place is the entire hoof of

160

AMERICA.

a mule, which could only havo been introduced b)- the Spaniards at or
since the invasion of Peru by Pizarro and his followers. These crania
were accompanied by some leg- and thigh-bones with the dried flesh
still upon them, showing that the bodies had been buried in the usual
sitting posture. Together with them also were some fragments of
fishing-nets, and a wooden club and sword. The site is about twenty
miles north of Callao, and about a mile from the sea-shore."

956. A cranium from a huaca near Ancon : <S .

C. 497, L. 172, B. 144, Bi. 837, H. 134, Hi. 779, BN. 103,
BA. 110, Ai. 1068, Wk. 60, Nw. 21, Ni. 420, Ow. 39, Oh. 38,
Oi. 974, Ca. 1320.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

957. A cranium from near Ancon : $ .

C. 490, L. 165, B. 146, Bi. 885, H. 130, Hi. 788, BN. 102,
BA. 108, Ai. 1059, Nh. 51, Nw. 21, Ni. 412, Ow, 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1305.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

958. A cranium from near Ancon : $ ?

A remarkably heavy skuU if that of a female, as its general
characters indicate.

C. 472, L. 159, B. 140, Bi. 881, H. 135, Hi. 849, BN. 95,
BA. 96, Ai. 1011, Nh. 45, Nw. 22, Ni. 489, Ow. 37, Oh. 33,
Oi. 892, Ca. 1110.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

959. A cranium from near Ancon.

C. 480, L. 165, B. 137, Bi. 830, H. 130, Hi. 788, BN. 99,
BA. 100, Ai. 1010, Nh. 47, Nw. 22, Ni. 468, Ow. 37, Oh. 33,
Oi. 892, Ca. 1130.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

960. A skull from near Ancon : $ .

It is metopic, and has very large Wormian bones in the
lambdoidal suture. Its form is more elongated than that of
most of the skulls of the same collection ; and it has a remark-
ably depressed frontal region, probably occasioned by circular
constriction during infancy.

C. 485, L. 170, B. 137, Bi. 806, H. 127, Hi. 747, BN. 91,
BA. 95, Ai, 1044, Nh. 46, Nw. 23, Ni. 500, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
Oi. 919, Ca. 1230.

Hutchinson Collection^ Presented, 1873.

I'lOHU, BOLIVIA, AND CHILE.

167

The following thirty specimeua are from Cerro del Oro, in the Canete
valley, interior to Cerro Azul, about a hundred miles south of Callao.

" The skulls from Cerro del Oro are from the brow of a hill which
shows evidence of having boon densely populated in former times, from
the quantity of adobe ruins in the neighbourhood. The whole of the
Canete valley, now covered with sugar-plantations, is full of huncas,
or mounds of interment, described by Prescott. . . . But the skulls
which I send," Mr. Hutchinson goes on to say, " are not from huacas,
but from places of interment such as are described in * Peruvian Anti-
quities ' by Don Mariano Eduardo Rivero " (New York, 1858), chap. viii.
p. 200 et seq.

961. A cranium from Cerro del Oro : cJ ■

C. 502, L. 176, B. 135, Bi. 767, H. 143, Hi. 813, BN". 104,
BA. 102, Ai. 981, Nh. 52, Nw. 26, Ni. 500, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897, Ca. 1330.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

962. A cranium from Cerro del Oro : S •

It has been obliquely flattened posteriorly. In consequence
of an injury to the base, all the usual measurements cannot be
taken,

C. 496, L. 168, B. 146, Bi. 869, Nh. 49, Nw. 22, Ni. 449,
Ow. 38, Oh. 33, Oi. 868, Ca. (approx.) 1450.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

963. A mutilated cranium from Cerro del Oro : 6 .

A distinct interparietal boiie is separated from the supra-
occipital by a transverse dentated suture.

C. 487, L. 171, B. 137, Bi. 801, H. 130, Hi. 760, BN. 95,
Ca, 1260,

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

964- A cranium from Cerro del Oro : ^j,

C, 510, L. 178, B. 141, Bi. 792, H. 137, Hi. 770, BN. 107,
Nh, 53, Nw, 25, Ni, 472, Ow. 38, Oh. 34, Oi. 895, Ca. 1400.

Hutchinson Collection. Pi'esented, 1873.

965. A cranium from Cerro del Oro : ^ .

C. 484, L. 170, B. 138, Bi. 812, H. 140, Hi. 824, BN. 106,
BA. 104, Ai. 981, Nh. 53, Nw. 23, Ni. 434, Ow. 37, Oh. 37,
Oi. 1000, Ca. 1310.

Hutchinson Collection. Ptirchascd, 1873.

1G8

AMERICA.

966. A cranium from Cerro del Oro : 6 ■

It lias been obliquely flattened posteriorly. There is an
interparietal bone, and an qnpteric on the right and a supra-
squamosal bono on the left.

C. 496, L. 165, B. 152, Bi. 921, H. 139, Hi. 842, BN. 101,
BA. 99, Ai. 980, Nh. 51, Nw. 24, Ni. 471, Ow. 39, Oh. 36,
Oi. 923, Ca. 1460.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

967. A cranium from Cerro del Qro ; <S .

C. 502, L. 181, B. 137, Bi. 757, H. 137, Hi. 757, M. 103,
BA. 101, Ai. 981, Nh. 49, Nw. 22, M, 449, Ow. 37, Oh. 35,
Oi. 946, Ca. 1410.

HutcJiirison Collection. Presented, 1873.

968. A cranium from Cerro del Oro : 6-

C. 498, L. 171, B. 144, Bi. 842, H. 140, Hi. 819, BN. 102,
Nh. 55, Nw. 24, Ni. 436, Ow. 37, Oh. 35, Oi. 946, Ca. 1360.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

969. A cranium from CeiTO del Oroj

C. 470, L. 165, B. 131, Bi. 794, H. 130, Hi. 788, BN. 97,
BA. 98, Ai. 1010, Nh. 50, Nw. 20, Ni. 400, Ow. 36, Oh. 33,
Oi. 917, Ca. 1200.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

970. A cranium from Cerro del Oro.

C. 500, L. 175, B. 141, Bi. 806, H. 127, Hi. 726, BN. 100,
BA. 109, Ai. 1090, Nh. 52, Nw. 25, Ni. 482, Ow. 38, Oh. 37,
Oi. 974, Ca. 1335.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

971. A cranium from Cerro del Oro.

C. 478, L. 163, B. 143, Bi. 877, H. 129, Hi. 791, m. 100,
BA. 104, Ai. 1040, Nh. 48, l^w. 22, Ni. 458, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 868, Ca. 1210.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

972. A cranium from Cerro del Oro<

C. 480, L. 173, B. 132, Bi. 763, H. 138, Hi. 798, m. 103,
BA. 104, Ai. 1010, Nh. 48, Nw. 23, M. 479, Ow. 36, Oh. 34,
Oi. 944, Ca. 1250.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873,

PEKU, BOLIVIA, AND CHILE. 169

i)73. A cranium from Cerro del Oro.

C. 474, L. 1G3, E. 137, Bi. 840, H. 128, Hi. 785, BN. 100,
BA. 100, Ai. 1000, Nh. 49, Nw. 27, Ni. 551, Ow. 30, Oh. 35,
Oi. 972, Ca. 1160.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

974. A cranium from Cerro del Oro«

C. 475, L. 165, B. 134, Bi. 812, H. 132, Hi. 800, BN. 100,
EA. 102, Ai. 1020, Nh. 44, Nw. 23, Ni. 523, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi. 865, Ca. 1155.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

975. A cranium from Cerro del Oro : ? .

C. 485, L. 163, B. 143, Bi. 877, H. 137, Hi. 840, BN. 96,
BA. 94, Ai. 979, Nh. 48, Nw. 22, Ni. 458, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1360.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

976. A cranium from Cerro del Oro :

C. 466, L. 160, B. 134, Bi. 838, H. 138, Hi. 863, BN. 96,
BA. 93, Ai. 969, Nh. 45, Nw. 23, Ni. 511, Ow. 35, Oh. 33,
Oi. 943, Ca. 1190.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

977. A cranium from Cerro del Oro : ?.

C. 470, L. 167, B. 130, Bi. 778, H. 124, Hi. 743, BN. 97,
BA. 102, Ai. 1052, Nh, 47, Nw. 25, Ni. 532, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1120.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

978. A cranium from Cerro del Oro : $ .

C. 478, L. 167, B. 136, Bi. 814, H. 128, Hi. 766, BN. 93,
BA. 95, Ai. 1022, Nh. 47, Nw. 22, Ni. 468, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
Oi. 919, Ca. 1230.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

979. A cranium from Cerro del Oro : $ .

C. 485, L. 170, B. 137, Bi. 806, H. 137, Hi. 806, BN. 95,
BA. 93, Ai. 979, Nh. 49, Nw. 21, Ni. 429, Ow. 37, Oh. 36,
Oi. 973, Ca. 1380.

Hutchinson Collection, Presented, 1873.

170

AMERICA.

980. A cranium from Cerro del Oro : $ .

C. 470, L. 157, B. 138, Bi. 879, H. 127, Hi. 809, BN. 91,
BA. 91, Ai. 1000, Nh. 47, Nw. 25, Ni. 532, Ow. 36, Oh. 35,
Oi. 972, Ca. 1380.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

981. A cranium fx-om Cerro del Oro : $ .

It has been flattened posteriorly.

C. 465, L. 150, B. 147, Bi. 980, H. 137, Hi. 913, BN. 100,
BA. 102, Ai. 1020, Nh. 46, Nw. 21, Ni. 457, Ow. 36, Oh. 33,
Oi. 917, Ca. 1300.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

982. A cranium from Cerro del Oro : $ .

C. 484, L. 170, B. 136, Bi. 800, H. 127, Hi. 747, BN. 93,
BA. 98, Ai. 1054, Nh. 49, Nw. 23, Ni. 469, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
Oi. 919, Ca. 1130.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

983. A cranium from Cerro del Oro : ? .

It has an " interparietal " and an epipterie on the left side.

C. 473, L. 168, B. 134, Bi. 798, H. 127, Hi. 756, BN. 97,
BA. 106, Ai. 1093, Nh. 51, Nw. 24, Ni. 471, Ow. 36, Oh. 32,
Oi. 889, Ca. 1170.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

984. A cranium from Cerro del Oro : ? .

C. 488, L. 174, B. 133, Bi. 764, H. 127, Hi. 730, BN. 92,
BA. 90, Ai. 978, Nh. 51, Nw. 22, Ni. 431, Ow. 36, Oh. 37,
Oi. 1028, Ca. 1220.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

985. A cranium from Cerro del Oro : ? .

The left side of the lamhdoidal suture is completely con-
solidated, the right side as well as all the other usual calvarial
sutures being open. The occipital and posterior parietal regions
are unsymmetrically developed, the left side being more pro-
minent than the right. This may be due to pressure on the
latter in infancy, as it is the reverse to what might have been
expected if caused by premature synostosis of the left limb of the
suture.

PERU, BOLIVIA, AND CHILE.

171

C. 453, L. 159, B. 128, Bi. 805, H. 116, Hi. 730, BN. 88,
BA. 92, Ai. 1045, Nh. 48, Nw. 23, Ni. 479, Ow. 34, Oh. 33,
Oi. 971, Ca. 1030.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

986. A cranium from Cerro del Oro : $ .

C. 460, L. 157, B. 134, Bi. 854, H. 124, Hi. 790, BN. 91,
BA. 92, Ai. 1011, Nh. 46, Nw. 24, Ni. 522, Ow. 37, Oh. 33,
Oi. 892, Ca. 1050.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

987. A cranium from Cerro del Oro : $ .

C. 480, L. 168, B. 135, Bi. 804, H. 127, Hi. 756, BN. 98,
BA. 99, Ai. 1010, Nh. 47, Nw. 22, Ni. 468, Ow. 36, Oh. 34,
Oi. 944, Ca. 1245.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

988. A cranium from Cerro del Oro : $ .

C. 465, L. 155, B. 140, Bi 903, H. 127, Hi. 819, BN. 90,
BA. 88, Ai. 978, Nh. 46, Nw. 22, Ni. 478, Ow. 34, Oh. 32,
Oi. 941, Ca. 1140.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

989v A cranium from Cerro del Oro : $ .

C. 470, L. 160, B. 139, Bi. 869, H. 129, Hi. 806, BN. 93,
BA. 102, Ai. 1097, Nh. 47, Nw. 22, Ni. 468, Ow. 37, Oh. 37,
Oi. 1000, Ca. 1160.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

990» The cranium of a child from Cerro del Oro.

The milk-molars and the first permanent molars are in place.
The occiput is imusually prominent; and there is a distinct
interparietal bone. Both the squamosals reach the frontals by
means of a processus frontalis.

C. 465, L. 172, B. 129, Bi. 750, H. 127, Hi. 738, BN. 88,
BA. 88, Ai. 1000, Nh. 40, Nw. 21, Ni. 525, Ow. 33, Oh. 32,
Oi. 970.

Hutchinson Collection. Presented, 1873.

172

AMERICA.

991. A tlefonnod metopic cranium, apparently of considerable

antiquity, from Peru.

The forehead has beau flattened ; and there is a transverse
coronal depression and a large median depression behind it,
causing a median anterior and two lateral posterior eminences.
This condition, carried to a greater degree, is the tete trilohee of
Gosse, only known to him from the Isle of Los Sacrificios,
near Vera Cruz, Gulf of Mexico.

C. 510, L. 157, B. 162, Bi. 1032, H. 125, Hi. 796, BN. 99,
BA. 100, Ai. 1010, Nh. 53, Nw. 28, Ni. 528, Ow. 38, Oh. 36,
01. 947, Ca. 1300.

Presented by Henry Christy, Esq., 1865.

992. An ancient Peruvian cranium, from four miles east of

Huacho : d?

" The body was found buried in sand on the side of a hill,
sitting squat, elbows on knees, the hands open and covering the
mouth. A loose, white, cotton winding-sheet was round the
body, and an outer covering of chequework, dull blue, dull red,
and dull yellow. Grains of maize and beans were near it, and
bits of stick and hoop round network, possibly a flag. Probably
some man of note."

The scalp had long hair, of a dark reddish colour (probably
discoloured by time), attached to it, and which is preserved with
the skull. There is a median lozenge-shaped Wormian bone at
the apex of the supraoccipital.

C. 483, L. 165, B. 140, Bi. 848, H. 125, Hi. 758, BN. 96,
BA. 101, Ai. 1052, Nh. 48, Nw. 21, Ni. 438, Ow. 38, Oh. 37,
Oi. 974, Ca. 1225.

Presented hy Captain R. F. Burton, 1869.

The four following specimens were collected by Dr. R. 0.
Cunningliam, Naturalist to H.M.S. ' Nassau.'

993. An ancient Peruvian cranium from Huacho : <J.

It is somewhat flattened posteriorly. The sagittal suture is
partly consolidated ; but the posterior molars are scarcely above
the level of the alveolus.

C. 475, L. 161, B. 137, Bi. 851, H. 134, Hi. 832, BN. 99,
BA. 99, Ai. 1000, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, Ni. 490, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1175.

Presented hy the Admiralty, 1869.

PERU, DOHVIAj AND CHILE,

173

994. An ancient Peruvian cranium from Huacho : c? ,

It has a very oblique form, probably from unsymractrical
occiintal pressure in infaucy. The sagittal and lambdoidal
sutures are partially consolidated.

C. 495, L. 171, B. 144, Bi. 842, H. 133, Hi. 778, BN. 102,
EA. 99, Ai. 971, Nh. 53, 21, Wu 396, Ow. 40, Oh. 38,
Oi. 950, Ca. 1310.

Presented by the Admiralty, 1869.

995. An ancient Peruvian cranium from Huacho : $ .

C. 485, L. 155, B. 150, Bi. 968, H. 130, Hi. 839, BN. 94,
BA. 98, Ai. 1041, Nh. 49, Nw. 24, M. 490, Ow. 37, Oh. 35,
Oi. 946, Ca. 1260.

Presented by the Admiralty, 1869.

996. A cranium from the Temple of the Sun, Pachacamac : S •

It is very unsymmetrical, probably from pressure in infancy.
The palate-bones and posterior part of the vomer present an
apparently congenital deficiency.

C. 500, L. 170, B. 146, Bi. 859, H. 132, Hi. 776, BN. 105,
BA. 107, Ai. 1019, Nh. 54, Nw. 23, M. 426, Ow. 38, Oh. 36,
Oi. 947, Ca. 1310.

Presented by the Admiralty, 1869.

997. An ancient Peruvian skull, of a more elongated type than

most of the foregoing : cJ ?

Taken by Mr. Whitely from a cavern which contained about
300 skuUs, thirty miles from Cuzco. The calvarial sutures are
partially obliterated. It presents no signs of having been arti-
ficially deformed.

C. 492, L. 170, B. 136, Bi. 800, H. 128, Hi. 753, BN. 94,
BA. 97, Ai. 1032, Nh. 44, Nw. 23, Ni. 523, Ow. 38, Oh.. 32,
Oi. 842, Ca. 1230.

Purchased, 1870,

998. An artificially-deformed Peruvian skull.

Taken from the same cavern as the last.

It is elongated by constriction behind the coronal suture, but
flattened and, as it wore, truncated behind.

C. 482, L. 170, B. 130, Bi. 765, H. 134, Hi. 788, BN. 93,
BA. 96, Ai. 1032, Nh. 48, Nw. 24, Ni. 500, Ow. 36, Oh. 32,
Oi. 889, Ca. 1310.

Purchased, 1870.

174

AMERICA.

999. A remarkably flattened cranium from Pisagua, in Peru :

c?.

From an ancient Indian burial-place, disturbed in excavating
for a railway.

In this and the next specimen both external auditory meatuses
are nearly closed by bony growths.

C. 505, L. 174, B. 144, Bi. 828, H. 129, Hi. 741, BN. 87,
BA. 97, Ai. 1115, Nh. 52, Nw. 25, Ni. 482, Ow. 37, Oh. 35,
Oi. 946, Ca. 1355.

Presented hy Lieut. George A. Giffard, R.N., 1879,

1000. A flattened cranium from Pisagua, in Peru : c?.

The base of the cranium is broken.

C. 475, L. 164, B. 137, Bi. 835, Nh. 53, Nw. 25, Ni. 472,
Ow. 38, Oh. 37, Oi. 974, Ca. 1230.

Presented hy Lieut. George A. Giffard, R.N., 1879.

1001. A skull from an ancient burial-place in the island of
Titicaca, situated in the Lake of Chucuito, or Titicaca :
$ . 0. C. 5415.

It has been elongated during infancy by a constricting band
passing behind the coronal suture and the mastoid processes,
■which has left an evident depression around the cranium.

C. 480, L. 170, B. 125, Bi. 735, H. 135, Hi. 794, BN. 94,
BA. 96, Ai. 1021, Nh. 48, Nw. 22, Ni. 458, Ow. 35, Oh. 37,
Oi. 1057, Ca. 1230.

Presented hy Earl Dudley, 1828.

1002. A cranium, somewhat similarly deformed, from the same
locality : $. 0. C. 5416.

C. 470, L. 163, B. 131, Bi. 804, H. 130, Hi. 798, BN. 90,
BA. 98, Ai. 1089, Nh. 47, Nw. 23, Ni. 489, Ow. 34, Oh. 37,
Oi. 1088, Ca. 1190.

Presented hy Earl Dudley, 1828.

1003. A similarly deformed cranium from the same locality, with
the facial portion mutilated : 2 . 0. C. 5417.

C. 450, L. 163, B. 122, Bi. 748, H. 124, Hi. 761, BN. 94,
BA. 100, Ai. 1064, Ow. 36, Oh. 35, Oi. 972, Ca. 1060.

Presented hy Earl Dudley, 1828.

PERU, BOLIVIA, AND CHILE. 175

1004. A similarly deformeci Peruvian skull : S. 0. C. 5418.

C. 500, L. 182, B. 123, Bi. 676, H. 137, Hi. 753, BN. 101,
BA. 105, Ai. 1040, Nh. 50, Nw. 24, Ni. 480, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1400.

Purchased, 1844.

1005. A cranium from Titicaca, deformed by circular constric-
tion : d ■

It much resembles the " macrocephalous " cranium from
Tiflis, No. 565. The calvarial sutures are almost entirely
obliterated. There are exostoses in the external auditory
meatuses, as in so many of the Peruvian skuUs ; and the frontal
bone sho-ws evidence of ulceration and inflammatory action.

C. 515, L. 185, B. 130, Bi. 703, H. 152, Hi. 822, BN. 116,
BA. 108, Ai. 939, Nh. 56, Nw. 23, Ni. 411, Ow. 35, Oh. 34,
Oi. 971, Ca. 1475.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1865.

1006. A cranium of the elongated type, but apparently un-
deformed, from Titicaca : $ . 0. C. 5419.

C. 480, L. 176, B. 120, Bi. 682, H. 127, Hi. 722, BN. 95,
BA. 96, Ai. 1011, Nh. 44, Nw. 22, Ni. 500, Ow. 34, Oh. 32,
Oi. 941, Ca. 1180.

Presented hy Captain Tucker, R.N., 1849.

1007. An artificially elongated skull from the mausoleum at
Patacamaya (the hundred dead), near Belen, Bolivia: d?

0. C. 5414.

C. 510, L. 183, B. 128, Bi. 699, H. 137, Hi. 749, BN. 96,
BA. 102, Ai. 1063, Nh. 51, Nw. 23, Ni. 451, Ow. 37, Oh. 37,

01. 1000, Ca. 1460.

Presented by J. B. Pentland, Esq.

1008. The skull of a Permaan : ? .

Obtained from tho sea-slope, one mile south of Arica, by Dr.
Crtiise, E.N.

C. 465, L. 155, B. 136, Bi. 877, H. 137, Hi. 884, BN. 96,
BA. 100, Ai. 1042, Nh. 41, Nw. 21, Ni. 512, Ow. 35, Oh. 32,
Oi. 914, Ca. 1260.

Presented hy Captain R. F. Burton, 1869.

176

AMERICA.

1009. The skull and imperfect skeleton taken from the mummy
of a child found near Arica.

Obtained by Lieut. Holland, R.N., from the same spot as the
last, where numerous mummified bodies were partially exposed
by the effects of a great earthquake -wave washing over the
burial-place. A young dog was wrapped within the same
outer cloth with the child. Its skeleton is preserved in the
Museum.

The skull is deformed, though not to a great degree, by com-
pressing bandages, which passed from the nape around the
forehead and across the vertex. The milk-teeth alone are in
place, the crowns of the first permanent molars being still within
the alveoli.

C. 442, L. 152, B. 130, Bi. 855, H. 116, Hi. 763, BIT. 75,
BA. 73, Ai. 973, Nh. 32, Nw. 18, Ni. 562, Ow. 29, Oh. 28,
Oi. 966.

Presented hy the Rev. F. W. Holland, 1869.

1010. The cranium of a Peruvian of the Inca race. 0. C. 5422.

C. 488, L. 168, B. 143, Bi. 851, H. 139, Hi. 827, BN. 101,
BA. 101, Ai. 1000, Nh. 47, Nw. 21, M. 447, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
Oi. 919, Ca. 1390.

Presented hy Alexander Nasmytli, Esq., 1837.

1011. The cranium of a Peruvian of the Inca race. 0. C. 5423.

C. 482, L. 167, B. 140, Bi. 838, H. 126, Hi. 754, BN. 94,
BA. 98, Ai. 1043, Nh. 48, Nw. 22, Ni. 458, Ow. 35, Oh. 35,
Oi. 1000, Ca. 1220.

Presented hy Alexander Nasmyth, Esq., 1837.

1012. The skull of a modern Peruvian child from the valley of
Copyapo, thirty-three leagues from the coast. 0. C.
5425.

The milk-molars are retained ; but the anterior permanent
incisors and the first permanent molars are in place. The child
has been the subject of chrouic hydrocephalus, whereby the
cranium has become unusually expanded. Posteriorly it shows
the flattening produced by the resting-board.

C. 500, L. 162, B. 160, Bi. 988, H. 135, Hi. 833, BN. 88,
BA. 82, Ai. 932, Nh. 42, Nw. 20, m. 476, Ow. 34, Oh. 33,
Oi. 971.

Purchased, 1843.

PERU, BOLIVIA, AND CHILE.

177

1013. TliG avticulatod skeleton of a young female Peruvian.

This and the following were prepared from bodies found by
the donor dried in a sitting posture, with the hands between
the legs, in an ancient burial-ground at Cliiuchiu, on the road
from Cobija to Caracolis, Bolivia. Photographs of the bodies as
thej'' appeared before maceration are preserved with them. They
Avore extremely fat ; and both have punctured wounds, made by
some sharp instrument, through the frontal bone, which (as the
dried skin showed corresponding marks of injury) bad probably
been made during life. A similar wound is seen in the frontal
bono of No. 991.

The skulls of both appear to have suffered somewhat from
fronto -occipital pressure during infancy.

The epiphyses of the upper end of the humerus, the lower
end of the radius and ulna, and the lower end of the femur have
not yet united to the shafts. The basilar suture of the cranium
is consolidated ; but the third molar teeth are not yet in place.

Height of skeleton 4 feet 11 inches=1498, clavicle 138,
humerus 287, radius 225, femur 409, tibia 343.

Cranium : C. 465, L. 153, B. 141, Bi. 922, H, 130, Hi. 850,
BN. 88, BA. 88, Ai. 1000, Nh. 50, Nw. 24, Ni. 480, Ow. 35,
Oh. 37, Oi. 1057, Ca. 1230.

Presented hy Reginald J. G. Leigh, Esq., 1873.

1014. The articulated skeleton of a young female Peruvian.

Taken from the same burial-ground and at the same time as
the last.

The posterior molars have been acquired ; but the epiphyses
are in the same condition as in the other skeleton.

Height of skeleton 5 feet=1522, clavicle 134, humerus 281,
radius 228, femur 395, tibia 342.

Cranium : C. 471, L. 158, B. 142, Bi. 899, H. 130, Hi. 823,
BN. 89, BA. 95, Ai. 1067, Nh. 46, Nw. 22, Ni. 478, Ow. 35,
Oh. 33, Oi. 943, Ca. 1240.

Presented by Regincdd J. G. Leigh, Esq., 1873.

1015. A mutilated cranium (?) and various other bones from
Indian graves in the Coquimbo district, Chile.

CoUocted by Dr. E. 0. Cunningham, H.M.S. ' Nassau.'
C. 473, L. 165, B. 130, Bi. 788, H. 129, Hi. 781, BN. 94,
Ca. 1050.

Presented hy the Admiralty, 18G9.

N

178

AMERICA.

G. Patagonia.

1016. The cranium of a Patagonian : $ .

Obtained by Dr. E. 0. Cunningbam from Port Mcliuka,
Guaytecas Islands, west coast of Patagonia, north of the Cbonos
archipelago.

C. 495, L. 171, B. 140, Bi. 819, H. 137, Hi. 801, BN. 100,
BA. 99, Ai. 990, Nh. 49, Nw. 23, Ni. 4G9, Ow. 38, Oh. 32,
Oi. 842, Ca. 1380.

Presented hy the Admiralty, 1869.

1017. A mutilated cranium from the same locality : c?.

Presented hy the Admiralty, 1869.

1018. A mutilated cranium of a young person ($) from the
same locality.

The basilar suture is open. The permanent teeth have all
been acquired except the third molars.

C. 465, L. 165, B. 135, Bi. 818, H. 127, Hi. 770, BN. 93,
BA. 87, Ai. 935, Nh. 45, Nw. 21, Ni. 467, Ow. 36, Oh. 31,
Oi. 861.

Presented hy the Admiralty, 1869.

1019. A lower jaw, two ossa innominata, and a scapula from the
same locality. Presented hy the Admiralty, 1869.

1020. The cranium of an Indian from the Chonos Islands : ? ?

Collected by Dr. R. 0. Cunningham, H.M.S. ' Nassau,'

C. 506, L. 178, B. 141, Bi. 792, H. 134, Hi. 753, BN. 98,

BA. 96, Ai. 980, Nh. 47, Nw. 24, Ni. 511, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,

Oi. 895, Ca. 1305.

Presented hy the Admiralty, 1869.

1021. The cranium of a Patagonian : cJ. 0. C. 5426.

This and the following were taken from under aheap of stones
on the east coast of Patagonia, near Port Melo.

C. 527, L. 179, B. 157, Bi. 877, H. 140, Hi. 782, BN. 99,
BA. 105, Ai. 1061, Nh. 52, Nw. 25, Ni. 482, Ow. 42, Oh. 39,
Oi. 929, Ca. 1650.

Presented hy Admiral Rohert Fitzroy.

PATAQONIA. — TIERRA DEL FUEGO.

17!)

1022. The cranium of a Patagonian : d" . 0. 0. 5427.

From the same locality as the last. The natural form of this
skuU appears to have been somewhat modified by occipital
pressure.

C. 515, L. 165, B. 163, Bi. 988, H. 138, Hi. 836, BN. 102,
BA. 100, Ai. 980, Nh. 57, Nw. 21, Ni. 368, Ow. 40, Oh. 37,
Oi. 925, Ca. 1510.

Presented hy Admiral Robert Fitzroy.

i

1023. The mutilated cranium of a Patagonian from Sandy
Point, Strait of Magellan : 6 .

Obtained by Dr. R. 0. Cunningham, H.M.S. ' Nassau.'
C. 525, L. 182, B. 145, Bi- 797, lOi. 56, Nw. 26, Ni. 464,
Ow. 42, Oh. 38, Oi. 905.

Presented hy the Admiralty, 1869.

1024. The cranium of a Patagonian : j •

" Dug np in Patagonia by the person who gave it to Governor
Robinson, and unquestionably what it professes to be."

The forehead appears to have been artificially flattened ; and
there is a marked depression in the upper and anterior region
of each parietal bone. The calvarial sutures are remarkable for
their complexity.

C. 485, L. 166, B. 146, Bi. 880, H. 132, Hi. 795, BN. 98,
BA. 103, Ai. 1051, Nh. 49, Nw. 20, Ni. 408, Ow. 37, Oh. 35,
Oi. 946, Ca. 1325.

Presented hy His Excellency William C. F. Rohinson,
Governor of the Falkland Islands, 1869.

H. TiBRRA DEL FuEGO.

1025. A skull, with a considerable portion of the skeleton, of a
male native of Tierra del Fuego. 0. C. 5428 to 5440.

This skull is figured in a paper by Prof. Huxley " On the
Form of the Cranium among the Patagonians and Fuegians,"
' Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,' vol. ii. (1868) p. 254.

The bones of the skeleton are — five upper cervical vertebroc,

N 2

180

AMERICA.

the sternum, left scapula, right clavicle, loft humerus, left radius,
'left ulna., left os innominatum, left femur, left tibia, left fibula.
Clavicle 154, humerus, 300, radius 241, femur 427, tibia 365.
Cranium : C. 518, L. 188, B. 139, Bi. 739, H. 139, Hi. 739,
BN. 107, BA. 110, Ai. 1028, Nh. 51, Nw. 21, Ni. 412, Ow. 40,
Oh. 37, Oi. 925, Ca. 1420.

Presented by Admiral Robert Fitzroy, 1830.

1026. The calvaria of a Fuegian : 5 .

" Dug up in Fuegia by one of the crew of the Missionary
schooner ' Arthur Gardiner.' Unquestionably what it professes
10 be."

C. 490, L. 170, B. 139, Bi. 818, H. 129, Hi. 759, BN. 98,
Ca. 1210.

Presented by His Excellency William C. F. Robinson,
Governor of the Falkland Islands, 1869.

1027. The cranium of a native of Fuegia : S .

C. 502, L. 179, B. 137, Bi. 765, H. 124, Hi. 693, BN. 101,
BA. 107, Ai. 1059, Nh. 50, Nw. 22, Ni. 440, Ow. 38, Oh. 32,
Oi. 842, Ca. 1200.

Presented by the Rev. J. C. Lory, Chaplain at
the Falkland Islands, 1874.

AUSTRALIA.

181

6. AUSTRALIA.

A. North Australia.

1028. The skeleton, not quite complete, of a male Australian,
from Cygnet Bay, King Sound, Dampicr Laud. 0. C.
5285 to 5303.

" The skeleton was found enveloped in three pieces of
papyrus bark on a small sandy point in Cygnet Bay. All tho
bones were closely packed together ; and the head surmounted
the whole. It did not appear to have been long interred. They
had evidently been packed with care. All tho long bones were
undermost ; and tho small ones were strewed in among them.
The head was resting on its base, face across." — Gr. Grey,
' Journal of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-west and
West AustraUa' (1841), vol. i. p. 257.

The left squamosal joins the frontal. The nasal index is
lower than that of any other Australian in the collection ; and
the inferior part of the face and the teeth are unusually small.
The characters of the cranium, however, are those commonly
mot with in the race.

Clavicle 147, humerus 317, radius 249, femur 439, tibia 360.

Cranium : C, 500, L. 181, B. 125, Bi. 691, H. 135, Hi. 746,
BN. 99, BA. 96, Ai. 970, Nh. 48, Nw. 23, Ni. 479, Ow. 40,
Oh. 32, Oi. 800, Ca. 1250.

Presented by Sir George Grey, K. C.B-

1029. The cranium of an Australian, from the coast of Van
Diemeu's Gulf, Arnhem's Land : (S •

It was found in a tree by Mr. B. Ninnis. Tho principal
cranial sutures are consolidated. The squamosals almost meet
the frontal on both sides.

C. 495, L. 178, B. 121, Bi. 680, H. 132, Hi. 742, BN. 100,
BA. 102, Ai. 102, Nh. 48, Nw. 27, Ni. 563, Ow. 40, Oh. 32,
Oi. 800, Ca. 1200.

Purchased, 1878.

1030. A mandible of an Austi'alian, received vdth the above
cranium, but belonging to a different individual.

Purchased, 1878.

182

AUSTRALIA.

1031. The skull of an Australiaiij from the coast of Van Die-
men's Gulf, Arnhem's Land : $ .

Pound on the bank of a river, near the sea. The right malar
bone and zygomatic arch have been broken away. The squa-
mosals join the frontal on both sides for a space of 16 milli-
metres. The calvarial sutures are all open, and remarkably
simple.

C. 480, L. 174, B. 120, Bi. 690, H. 126, Hi. 724, BN. 93,
BA. 95, Ai. 1021, Nh. 43, Nw. 24, Ni. 558, Ow. 38, Oh. 31,
Oi. 816, Ca. 1060.

Purchased, 1878.

The seven foUow^ing specimens were collected during the
surveying voyage of H.M.S. ' Fly/ Captain Blackwood, between
1842 and 1846.

1032. The separated bones of the skeleton of an adult male
Australian, from the neighbourhood of Port Essington.
0. C. 5185 to 5284.

In the former Catalogue the bones are individually described
and compared with those of the Chimpanzee.

The right anterior incisor has been removed during life ; and
the alveolar cavity is obliterated. The left squamosal joins the
frontal by a large processus frontalis. The lower end of the left
tibia has suffered from inflammation and necrosis, and is united
to the astragalus.

Clavicle 139 ; humerus, r. 344, I 342 ; radius, r. 260, I 266 ;
femur, r. 478, I. 482 ; tibia, r. 398.

Cranium: C. 497, L. 181, B, 125, Bi. 691, H. 135, Hi. 746,
BN. 107, BA. 109, Ai. 1019, Nh. 48, Nw. 26, Ni. 542, Ow. 41,
Oh. 35, Oi. 854, Ca. 1150.

Presented by Captain Philip Blackwood, R.N., 1846.

1033. The cranium of an Australian from Port Essington : 6 .

0. C. 5317.

A very high cranium, with a greatly arched contour, but
remarkably compressed, especially just behind the orbits. On
the right side the squamosal joins the frontal ; on the left an
epipteric bone is interposed.

C. 492, L. 178, B. 124, Bi. 697, H. 143, Hi. 803, BN. 100,
BA. 104, Ai. 104, Nh. 46, Nw. 26, Ni. 565, Ow. 42, Oh. 30,

01. 714, Ca. 1200.

Presented by J. Bete Jukes, Esq., 1846.

NORTH AUSTRALIA.

183

1034:. Tlio cranium of tin Australiau, Iroin Port Eswington :
$ . 0. C. 5330.

C. 488, L. 176, B. 128, Bi. 727, H. 128, Hi. 727, BN. 96,
BA. 102, Ai. 1062, Nli. 46, Nw. 27, Ni. 587, Ow, 38, Oh.
Oi. 816, Ca. 1120.

Presented by J. Bete Jukes, Esq., 1846.

1035. The skull of a 'young Australiaiij from Port Essington :

cJ? 0. C. 5309.

The basilai" suture is open ; and the posterior molars are not
yet in place. The right anterior incisor has been removed
diu-ing life.

C. 493, L. 181, B. 127, Bi. 702, H. 133, Hi. 735, BN. 95,
BA. 91, Ai. 958, Nh. 45, Nw. 26, Ni. 578, Ow. 37, Oh. 31,
Oi. 838.

Presented by J. Bete Jukes, Esq., 1846.

1036. The cranium of an Australian somewhat younger than
the preceding, from Port Essington : c? ? 0. C. 5336.

The right anterior incisor has been removed during life.

C. 482, L. 176, B. 121, Bi. 688, H. 126, Hi. 716, BN. 89,
BA. 89, Ai. 100, Nh. 40, Nw. 23, Ni. 575, Ow. 37, Oh. 30,
Oi. 811.

Presented by J. Bete Jukes, Esq., 1846.

1037. The cranium of an Australian, from Port Essington, of
the same age as the last : c? ? 0. C. 5335.

The right anterior incisor has been similarly removed.

C. 477, L. 175, B. 122, Bi. 697, H. 130, Hi. 743, BN. 90,
BA. 89, Ai. 989, Nh. 41, Nw. 24, Ni. 585, Ow. 36, Oh. 29, Oi.
806.

Presented by J. Bete Jukes, Esq., 1846.

1038. The cranium and some other bones (a rib, the right
clavicle, the humeri, the right ulna, the femora and tibias,
all wanting the epiphyses) of an Australian, about the
same age as the two last, from Port Essington : $ ?
0. C. 5337 to 5343.

None of the incisors have been removed during life. Tlic
mastoid processes are less developed, and the first molar (the
only tooth remaining) is smaller, than in the three last. All the
permanent teeth have been in i)]ace, except tlie tliird molars.

184

AUSTRALIA.

g. 472, L. 173, B. 124, Bi. 717, H. 129, Hi. 746, BN. 93,
BA. 89, Ai. 957, Nh. 43, Nw. 23, Ni. 535, Ow. 34, Oh. 32, Oi.
941.

Presented hy J. Bete Jukes, Esq., 1846.

1039. The skull of an Australian, from Cape York : 6 •

An extremely heavy cranium, with the sutures in great part
consolidated. In the middle of the palate, immediately hehiud
the incisor teeth, is a deep oval pit, half an inch in long diameter,
with sharply defined edges, in which a tumour or cyst must
have lodged.

C. 514, L. 187, B. 128, Bi. 684, H. 130, Hi. 695, BN. 103,
BA. 109, Ai. 1058, Nh. 51, Nw. 27, Ni. 529, Ow. 40, Oh. 35,
Oi. 875, Ca. 1210.

Presented hy Lieut. R. H. Armit, R.N., 1870.

1040. The skull of an Australian, from Cape York : $ .

C. 490, L. 178, B. 121, Bi. 680, H. 128, Hi. 719, BN. 99,
BA. 102, Ai. 1030 Ow. 39, Oh. 35, Oi. 897, Ca. 1110.

Presented hy Lieut. R. H. Armit, R.N., 1870.

1041. The cranium of an Australian, from Cape York : $ .

C. 483, L. 175, B. 128, Bi. 731, H. 126, Hi. 720, BN. 97,
BA. 102, Ai. 1052, Nh. 52, Nw. 26, Ni. 500, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 868, Ca. 1150.

Presented hy Lieut. R. H. Armit, R.N., 1870.

1042. A cranium, collected at the same time and from the same
locality as the last three, but which presents the characters
of the Polynesian rather than the Australian race *. 6 .

C. 502, L. 172, B. 142, Bi. 826, H. 142, Hi. 826, BN. 102,
BA. 102, Ai. 1000, Nh. 54, Nw. 27, Ni. 500, Ow. 39, Oh. 37,
Oi. 949, Ca. 1400.

Presented hy Lieut. R. H. Armit, R.N., 1870.

* Tliis cranium, being obviously not that of an AustraUan, is omitted from
the calculations of the averages of this race.

QUEENSLAND.

185

B. Queensland.

1043. Tlie articulated skeleton of a female Australian, from the
Condamino river, Darling Downs, about 130 miles west
of Brisbane.

Tho hands and feet arc imperfect ; and the coccyx is wanting ;
otherwise tho skeleton is complete. Tho teoth show scarcely
any signs of wear; but aU the calvarial sutures are partially
consolidated. Tho upper left lateral incisor is wanting ; and tho
canine is in close contact with the median incisor, Tho socket
of tho right lateral incisor (which has been lost) shows that the
tooth must have been of very small size.

Height of skeleton 4 feet 10-7 inches =1492 ; clavicle 128 ;
humerus, r. 307, 1. 298 ; radius, r. 220, 1 212 ; femur, r. & 1. 419;
tibia, r. & I. 340.

Cranium : C. 491, L. 180, B. 132, Bi. 733, H. 132, Hi. 733,
BN. 96, BA. 96, Ai. 1000, Nh. 41, Nw. 26, Ni. 634, Ow. 38,
Oh. 30, Oi. 798, Ca. 1225.

Purchased, 1867.

C. New South Wales.

1044. The skeleton, not quite complete, of a male Australian, from
an old native burial-ground near Port Stephens, New
South Wales.

Clavicle, r. 136, I. 130; humerus, r. 336, I. 336; radius,
r. 269, I. 267 : femur, r. 473, I. 474 ; tibia, r. 408, I 406.

Cranium : C. 532, L. 191, B. 136, Bi. 712, H. 130, Hi. 681,
BN. 103, BA. 108, Ai. 1049, Nh. 49, Nw. 28, Ni. 571, Ow. 40,
Oh. 31, Oi. 775, Ca. 1450.

Purchased, 1879.

1045. The skeleton, not quite complete, of a male Australian,
from the same burial-ground near Port Stephens.

The first and second ribs of tho right side are united. The
lower jaw is wanting.

Humerus, r. 348, 1. 343 ; radius, r. 266, 1. 264 ; femur, r. 470,
I. 468 ; tibia, r. 405, I. 405.

Cranium : C. 510, L. 184, B. 133, Bi. 723, H. 128, Hi. 696,
BN. 103, BA. 112, Ai. 1087, Nh. 56, Nw. 29, Ni. 518, Ow.46,
Oh. 34, Oi. 739, Ca. 1250.

Purchased, 1879.

18G

AUSTRALIA.

1046. The cranium of an Australian, from near Port Stephens :

?.

The typical characters of the female Australian cranium of
tho lowest type are exhibited iu a very marked degree in this
specimen.

C. 482, L. 173, B. 127, Bi. 734, H. 123, Hi. 711, BN. 88,
BA. 96, Ai. 1091, Nh. 45, Nw. 29, Ni. 644, Ow. 39, Oh. 30,
Oi. 769, Ca. 1125.

Purchased, 1879.

1047. The skull of an Australian, from a native burial-ground a
few miles from the township of Carcoar, county of
Bathurst, New South "Wales : $ .

This and the following were obtained at the above-named
locality by Dr. T. W. Thursfield.

C. 482, L. 172, B. 127, Bi. 738, H. 126, Hi. 733, BN. 89,
BA. 97, Ai. 1090, Nh. 46, Nw. 26, M. 565, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1110.

Presented hy Dr. W. Brinton, 1864.

1048. The skull of an Australian, from near Carcoar, county of
Bathurst : ? .

C. 478, L. 174, B. 123, Bi. 707, H. 128, Hi. 736, BN. 100,
BA. 104, Ai. 1040, Nh. 41, Nw. 24, Ni. 585, Ow. 38, Oh. 30,
Oi. 789, Ca. 1050.

Presented hy Dr. W. Brinton, 1864.

1049. The skull of an Australian from Carcoar, Bathurst : c? ?

C. 508, L. 182, B. 133, Bi. 731, H. 134, Hi. 736, BN. 104,
BA. 95, Ai. 913, Nh. 48, Nw. 26, Ni. 542, Ow. 41, Oh. 35,
Oi. 854, Ca. 1325.

Presented hy Dr. George Bennett, 1859.

1050. The cranium of an Australian, found in a cave at Murrum-
bidgee, near Sydney : J . 0. C. 5307.

C. 536, L. 193, B. 137, Bi. 710, H. 137, Hi. 710, BN. 102,
BA. 102, Ai. 1000, Nh. 49, Nw. 25, Ni. 510, Ow. 41, Oh. 34,
Oi. 829, Ca. 1410.

Presented hy Dr. George Bennett.

NEW SOUTH WALES.

187

1051. Tlie skull of an Australian from the neigbbourliood of
Sydney: $.

Given to the donor by Dr. Stangor. The ealvarial sutures
are almost obliterated, and the teeth much worn.

C. 488, L. 175, B. 128, Bi. 731, H. 124, Hi. 709, BN. 94,
BA. 100, Ai. 1064, Nh. 50, Nw. 28, Ni. 560, Ow. 40, Oh. 31,
Oi. 775, Ca. 1080.

Presented by George Bush, Esq., 1869.

1052. The skull, pelvis, some vertebrae, clavicles, humeri, a
fibula, ulna, and patella of an Australian : $ .

Obtained by the donor from "the known burial-place of a
tribe of Shoalhaven Blacks settled in the Illawarra district, on
the south coast of New South "Wales."

The teeth are very much worn ; but the ealvarial sutures are
only slightly consolidated.

C. 509, L. 185, B. 132, Bi. 714, H. 135, Hi. 730, m. 95,
BA. 97, Ai. 1021, Nh. 48, Kw. 26, Ni. 542, Ow. 41, Oh. 34,
Oi. 829, Ca. 1275.

Presented by Dr. Charles Taylor, 1876.

D. YlOTOBIA.

1053. The skull of an Australian of the Western-Port tribe
(near Port PhiUip) : cJ. 0. C. 5304.

C. 497, L. 178, B. 130, Bi. 730, H. 131, Hi. 736, BN. 97,
BA. 101, Ai. 1041, Nh. 50, Nw. 27, M. 540, Ow. 42, Oh. 33,
Oi. 786, Ca. 1160.

Presented by Dr. HobsOn.

1054. The cranium of an Australian from the Port-Phillip
district: d? 0. C. 5314.

The large capacity, and the character of the supraorbital
region, are masculine ; but in the form of the base of the
cranium, the small size of the mastoid processes, condyles, and
posterior nares, it more resembles the female sex.

C. 508, L. 181, B, 134, Bi. 740, H. 127, Hi. 702, BN. 97,
BA. 99, Ai. 1021, Nh. 44, Nw. 24, Ni. 545, Ow. 40, Oh. 30,
Oi. 750, Ca. 1310.

Presented by Dr. Ilobson.

188

AUSTRALIA.

1055. The cranium of an Australian from the Port-Phillip
district : $ . 0. C. 5318.

C. 500, L. 185, B. 129, Bi. G97, H. 123, Hi. 665, BN. 96,
BA. 96, Ai. 1000, Nh. 45, Nw. 26, Ni. 578, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
01. 865, Ca. 1175.

Presented hy Dr. Ilohson.

1056. The cranium of an Australian from Port Phillip : $ .

C. 495, L. 176, B. 130, Bi. 739, H. 127, Hi. 722, BN. 93,
BA. 94, Ai. 1011, Nh. 46, Nw. 24, Ni. 522, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
01. 865, Ca. 1070.

Purchased, 1861.

1057. The cranium of an Australian from Port Philhp : $ .

Tho squamosals join the frontals on both sides. Epiptoric
bones are also present.

C. 475, L. 172, B. 127, Bi. 738, H. 124, Hi. 721, BN. 93,
BA. 99, Ai. 1064, Nh. 44, Nw. 28, Ni. 636, Ow. 38, Oh. 29
Oi. 763, Ca. 1030.

Purchased, 1861.

1058. The cranium of a young Australian from Port Phillip.

Tho basilar suture is not closed. AU the permanent teeth
havo been in place, except the posterior molars.

C. 464, L. 167, B. 127, Bi. 760, H. 118, Hi. 707, BN. 92,
BA. 89, Ai. 967, Nh. 47, Nw. 25, Ni. 532, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
Oi. 919.

Purchased, 1861.

1059. The skull of an Australian from the Upper Yarra,
Victoria '. 6 .

C. 512, L. 187, B. 129, Bi. 690, H. 130, Hi. 695, BN. 99,
BA. 96, Ai. 970, Nh. 51, Nw. 28, Ni. 549, Ow. 42, Oh. 37,
Oi. 881, Ca. 1290.

Purchased, 1877.

1060. The skull of an Australian from the Murray river : 6 .

From the collection of Baron A. von^Hiigcl.

C. 530, L. 191, B. 145, Bi. 759, h"! 140, Hi. 733, BN. 97,
BA. 102, Ai. 1052, Nh. 52, Nw. 30, Ni. 577, Ow. 41, Oh. 33,
Oi. 805, Ca. 1460.

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

VICTORIA.

189

10f)l. Tho cranium of an Australian, found in 1842 near Port
Fairy, about a hundred miles to the west of Port Phillip :
?. O.C. 5315.

Tho squamosals join the frontals on both sides.

C. 47S, L. 174, B. 125, Bi. 718, H. 126, Hi. 724, BN. 92,
BA. 101, Ai. 1098, Nh. 45, Nw. 26, Ni. 578, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 868, Ca. 1125.

Presented hy C. G. Burcliett, Esq., 1844.

1062. The skull of an Australian, found among the " sand hum-
mocks " close to the sea at Port Fairy : S .

The basilar suture has but recently united. The third upper
molars, especially the right, are extremely small — a peculiarity
very uncommon in Australians. Those of the lower jaw are
normally developed. There is no trace of nasal spine.

C. 505, L. 185, B. 126, Bi. 681, H. 127, Hi. 686, BN. 109,
BA. 116, Ai. 1064, Nh. 51, Nw. 29, Ni. 569, Ow. 43, Oh. 35,
Oi. 814, Ca. 1185.

Presented hy Professor Huxley, 1866.

1063. The cranium of a male Australian, from Kangatong, near
Port Fairy.

" Prom a man killed by a musket-shot. Presented by Mr.
Dawson, of that place." This and the next had been for many
years in the possession of the late Dr. James Blundoll.

C. 518, L. 190, B. 131, Bi. 689, H. 130, Hi. 684, BN. 99,
BA. 104, Ai. 1051, Nh. 46, Nw. 27, Ni. 587, Ow. 40, Oh. 33,
Oi. 825, Ca. 1250.

Presented hy Dr. G. A. F. Wilks, 1878.

1064. The skull of an Australian, from Kangatong, near Port
Fairy: ?.

Presented to Dr. BlundoU by Mr. Dawson, of that place.

C. 478, L. 172, B. 122, Bi. 709, H. 129, Hi. 750, BN. 95,
BA. 94, Ai. 989, Nh. 40, Nw. 23, Ni. 575, Ow. 39, Oh. 32,
Oi. 820, Ca. 1050.

Presented hy Dr. G. A. F. Wilks, 1878.

190

AUSTKALIA.

E. South Australia.

1065. The cranium of an Australian, from the neighbourhood of
Adelaide : c? .

C. 513, L. 185, B. 137, Bi. 741, H. 142, Hi. 768, BN. 107.
BA. 107, Ai. 1000, Nh. 53, Nw. 27, Ni. 509, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 8G8, Ca. 1440.

Purchased, 1861.

1066. The complete skeleton of an adult male Australian, from
the neighbourhood of Adelaide.

Prepared in 1879, from a dried and partially decayed mummy.
The mouth had been stuffed with emu's feathers, and sewn up.
The anus was also sewn up ; and the end of the prepuce, drawn
beyond the glans, had a cord tied tightly round it. The thighs
were forcibly bent upwards by the sides of the body, so that
the knees were placed beyond the shoulders ; the legs were
tightly flexed on the thighs, the heels being ])laced close to the
hip-joints ; the forearms were crossed in front of the lower part
of the abdomen, each hand resting upon the foot of the opposite
side. A broad bandage of netting of native manufacture,
passed horizontally round the middle of the body, retained the
limbs in this position. The surface had been smeared with red
pigment. After this preparation the body had probably been
dried over a fire and then placed on a platform of boughs,
elevated at a distance above the ground. The mummified body
is figured, and its condition more fuUy described, in the ' Journal
of the Anthropological Institute,' vol. viii. (1879). A i)hoto-
graph showing its condition before it was made into a skeleton
is also preserved in the Museum.

The squamosal meets the frontal on the left side ; on the
right an epipteric is interposed. The frontal, right scapula and
several of the other bones have sutiPered from necrosis, in the
first-named case exposing the interior of the sinus.

Clavicle, r. 151, I. 152 ; humerus, r. 354, 1. 347 ; radius,
r. 269, I. 267 ; femur, }•. 485, I. 490 ; tibia, r. 401, I. 401.

Cranium : C. 523, L. 190, B. 135, Bi. 711, H. 132, Hi. 695,
BN. 105, BA. 109, Ai. 1038, Nh. 61, Nw. 26, Ni. 510, Ow. 41,
Oh. 35, Oi. 854, Ca. 1250.

Presented hy Sir George Grey, K.C.B., Governor

of South Australia, 1845.

SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

191

1067. The skeleton of iin Australian infant, from the neighbour-
hood of Adelaide.

Obtained in a driod state, with the last specimen. The body
and logs were in an extended position, and had apparently
not undergone any process of preparation. The brogmatic fon-
taneUe has not yet closed ; and the exoccipitals are still separate
from the supra- and basi-occipital. The milk-teeth have all
been in place, except the posterior molars, the crowns of which
are scarcely above the level of the alveolus. The frontal bono
shows signs of inflammatory action.

C. 458, L. 166, B. 122, Bi. 735, H. 110, Hi. 663, BI^. 75,
BA. 72, Ai. 960, Nh. 30, Nw. 20, Ni. 666, Ow. 33, Oh. 30, Oi.
909.

Presented by Sir George Grey, 1845.

1068. The skull of an Australian, from the neighbourhood of
Adelaide : ^. 0. C. 5305.

The skull of a large, powerful, and somewhat aged man.
The teeth are much worn, and the sagittal suture nearly oblite-
rated. The ridges defining the surface of attachment of the
temporal muscles are unusually well marked.

C. 523, L. 186, B. 136, Bi. 731, H. 138, Hi. 742, BN. 105,
BA. 109, Ai. 1038, Nh. 52, Nw. 30, Ni. 577, Ow. 42, Oh. 35,
Oi. 833, Ca. 1450.

Presented by Sir George Grey, 1844.

1069. The mutilated cranium of an Australian from the vicinity
of Adelaide: 6. 0. C. 5331.

" It has been converted by the natives into a water-vessel.
The sutures have been covered by a bituminous substance, with
fragments of a nacreous shell ; and a handle has been spun out
of some native grass, and passed through the foramen magnum
and the interorbital space which has been broken away, for the
purpose of suspending this primitive work of art. The external
orbital angles, from their worn and polished surface, appear to
have served as the spouts of the vessel. From the size of the
cranium, of the mastoid processes, and of the lambdoidal and
occipital ridges, this has belonged to a powerful male. The
zygomatic arches have been removed, and the fractured roots
smoothly rounded off" *.

* Calvaria) from the same locality, treated in the same manner, arc do-
scribed and figured in tlie ' Tliesaurus Craniorum ' of Dr. Barnard Davis.

192

AUSTRALIA.

This and tho following crania, wliich liavo been treated in
the same manner, are remarkable for thoir low altitudinal
index,

C. 545, L. 197, B. 141, Bi. 716, H. 125, Hi. 635, Ca. 1375
(approximately).

Presented hy Sir George Grey, 1844.

1070. A similarly treated cranium of an Australian, from near
Adelaide : $. 0. C. 5332.

There is an unusually large Wormian bone in the left side
of the lambdoidal suture.

C. 500, L. 182, B. 131, Bi. 720, H. 128, Hi. 703, Ca. 1170
(approximately).

Presented hy Sir George Grey, 1844.

1071. A similarly treated cranium of an Australian, from near
Adelaide : ? . 0. C. 5333.

The squamosal meets the frontal on the left side.
C. 495, L. 177, B. 132, Bi. 746, H. 122, Hi. 689, Ca. 1130
(approximately) .

Presented hy Sir George Grey, 1844.

1072. A similarly treated cranium of an Australian, from near
Adelaide id. 0. C. 5334.

C. 520, L. 190, B. 134, Bi. 705, H. 124, Hi. 653, Ca. 1310
(approximately).

Presented hy Sir George Grey, 1844.

1073. The frontal and parietal bones of an Australian from near
Adelaide. 0. C. 5344.

Presented hy Sir George Grey, 1844.

1074. The mutilated cranium of an Australian, almost identical
in characters and mode of preparation to No. 1069, and
presumablj' from the same locality : 6 •

C. 547, L. 198, B. 139, Bi. 702, H. 127, Hi. 641, Ca. 1350
(approximately).

Presented hy Lady Franklin, 1854.

SOUTH AUSTRALIA,

193

1075. A smaller but siinilurly prepared cranium, probably from
the same locality : ? .

C. 503, L. 184, B. 132, Bi. 717, H. 119, Hi. 647, Ca. 1150
(approximately).

Presented by Lady Franklin, 1856.

1076. The skull and bones of the trunk (articulated) of a female
Australian from the neighbourhood of Adelaide.

Brought from Australia in 1846 as a complete skeleton ; but
the limbs were lost before it was received by the College.

C. 518, L. 188, B. 134, Bi. 713, H. 128, Hi. 681, BN. 99,
BA. 102, Ai. 1030, Nh. 51, Nw. 31, Ni. 608, Ow. 43, Oh. 34,
OL 791, Ca. 1320.

Purchased, 1878.

1077. The skull of an Australian from near Adelaide : 6 •

The nasal spine is quite rudimentary.

C. 523, L. 191, B. 132, Bi. 691, H. 134, Hi. 702, BN. 104,
BA. 109, Ai. 1048, Nh. 50, N"w. 31, Ni. 620, Ow. 42, Oh. 33,
Oi. 786, Ca. 1410.

Presented by Dr. Thomas Cawley, 1879.

1078. The cranium of an Australian from a native burial-ground
at Mount Remarkable, near Port Augusta : 6 .

The calvarial sutures are almost completely obliterated ; and
the teeth are much worn.

C. 493, L. 178, B. 124, Bi. 697, H. 130, Hi. 730, BN. 101,
BA. 101, Ai. 1000, Nh. 48, Nw. 25, Ni. 521, Ow. 40, Oh. 32,
Oi. 800, Ca. 1120.

Presented by George Lindsay Johnson, Esq., 1876.

1079. The skull of an Australian from the same burial-ground as
the last : $ ?

The calvarial sutures are almost entirely obliterated ; and the
teeth are much worn,

C. 490, L. 180, B. 124, Bi. 689, H. 117, Hi. 650, BN. 86,
BA. 94, Ai. 1091, Nh. 43, Nw. 26, Ni. 605, Ow. 39, Oh. 28,
Oi. 718, Ca. 1025.

Presented by George Lindsay Johnson, Esq., 1876.

o

194

AUSTRALIA .

F. Western Australia.

1080. The cranium of an Australian from King George's Sound :

O.C. 5319.

C. 505, L. 184, B. 130, Bi. 707, H. 130, Hi. 707, BN. 99,
BA. 106, Ai. 1071, Nh. 46, Nw. 25, Ni. 543, Ow. 41, Oh. 33,
Oi. 805, Ca. 1230.

Presented hy Ccvptain Pidlip King, R.N.

1081. The cranium of an Australian from King George's Sound :

6.

C. 518, L. 190, B. 132, Bi. 695, H. 137, Hi. 721, BN. 104,
BA. Ill, Ai. 1067, m. 47, Nw. 27, Ni. 574, Ow. 43, Oh. 31,
Oi. 721, Ca. 1330.

Presented hy F. Le Gros Clark, Esq., 1875.

1082. The skull of a male Australian from the Swan-River Set-
tlement.

From a man known to the residents of the colony as above
the ordinary average of intelligence among the natives, who
was killed in a fray with some of his race about the year 1847.
The frontal region is broader and more prominent than in most
Australians ; but the general conformation of the cranium, and
especially of the face, is perfectly characteristic of the race.

C. 533, L. 193, B. 132, Bi. 684, H. 132, Hi. 684, m. 102,
BA. 102, Ai. 1000, Nh. 42, Nw. 29, Ni. 690, Ow. 40, Oh. 30,
Oi. 750, Ca. 1370.

Presented hy George Busk, Esq., 1864.

1083. The cranium of an Australian, said to be from Swan
River : d .

This is exceptionally round for an Australian skull. There
are numerous "Wormian bones in the lambdoidal suture. The
squamosal and frontal meet on the right and nearly on the left
side.

C. 490, L. 171, B. 132, Bi. 772, H. 130, Hi. 760, BN. 96,
BA. 102, Ai. 1063, Nh. 48, Nw. 28, Ni. 583, Ow. 39, Oh. 30,
Oi. 769, Ca. 1200.

Presented hy Lady Franklin.

UNKNOWN LOCALITY.

195

The exact locality from wliicli the following specimens were
obtained has not been recorded. It is probable that they are
mostly from New South Wales, as the earliest district settled,
and the only one from which the Hunterian specimens could
have been obtained.

1084. The cranium of an Australian : c? • 0. C. 5310,

The aperture of each auditory meatus is partially filled with
smooth, rounded, deuse, bony growths.

C. 500, L. 183, B. 130, Bi. 710, H. 138, Hi. 754, BN. 103,
BA. 109, Ai. 1058, Nh. 40, Nw. 25, Ni. 543, Ow. 42, Oh. 34,
Oi. 810, Ca. 1310.

Hunterian.

1085. The cranium of an Australian : s . 0. C. 5313.

C. 495, L. 177, B. 128, Bi. 723, H. 132, Hi. 746, m. 101,
BA. 109, Ai. 1079, Nh. 46, Nw. 27, M. 587, Ow. 40, Oh. 33,
Oi. 825, Ca. 1260.

Hunterian,

1086. The cranium, wanting the right temporal bone, of an
Australian : ?. 0. C. 5312.

Although that of an adult (the basilar suture being closed,
and the right third molar fully in place), both posterior milk-
molars are retained, with no appearance of absorption of their
long roots. The premolars, which should succeed them, are fully
developed, but are concealed and obliquely placed within the
alveolus. The left third molar is still below the level of the
alveolus ; and to its outer side was a small supplemental tooth
(now lost) in a distinct compartment of the bone. (See descrip-
tion in 0. C. p. 825.)

C. 482, L. 172, B. 128, Bi. 744, H. 130, Hi. 756, m. 95,
BA. 101, Ai. 1063, Nh. 43, Nw. 26, Ni. 605, Ow, 38, Oh. 30,
Oi. 789, Ca. 1210,

Hunterian.

1087. The cranium of an Australian : S • 0. C. 5311.

C. 523, L. 185, B. 137, Bi. 741, H. 143, Hi. 773, BN. 105,
BA. 110, Ai. 1048, Nh. 52, Nw. 27, Ni. 519, Ow. 40, Oh. 32,
Oi. 800, Ca. 1375.

British Mxiseum.
O 2

196

AUSTRALIA.

1088. The articulated skeleton of an adult female Australian.

0. C. 5184.

The squamosal joins the frontal on both sides.

Height of skeleton 5 feet 2 inches = 1575.

Clavicle 136, humerus 318, radius 243, femur 443, tibia 372.

Cranium : C. 504, L. 183, B. 132, Bi. 721, H. 129, Hi. 705,
m. 97, BA. 99, Ai. 1021, Nh. 46, Nw. 26, Ni. 565, Ow. 38,
Oh. 31, 01. 816, Ca. 1260.

Presented by the Zoological Society, 1831.

1089. The skull of an Australian : d . 0. C. 5306.

C. 506, L. 186, B. 127, Bi. 683, H. 133, Hi. 715, BN. 96,
BA. 104, Ai. 1083, Nh. 41, Nw. 28, Ni. 683, Ow. 40, Oh. 29,

01. 725, Ca. 1220.

Presented by Dr. George Bennett.

1090. Tlie skull of an Australian : c?. 0. C. 5308.

C. 523, L. 190, B. 132, Bi. 695, H. 133, Hi. 700, BN. 106,
BA. 102, Ai. 962, Nh. 50, Nw. 27, M. 540, Ow. 42, Oh. 36,
Oi. 857, Ca. 1310.

Presented by Dr. Hob son.

1091. The skull of an Australian : c? . 0. C. 5316.

The right anterior incisor has been removed during life, and
the alveolus obliterated. On the right side the roots of the
teeth have been exposed, showing the outer roots of the
premolars to be single and those of the large true molars
double. These teeth are figured in Owen's ' Odontography,'
plates 118 and 119. The squamosals almost meet the frontal
on both sides.

C. 508, L. 185, B. 133, Bi. 719, . H. 131, Hi. 708, BN. 92,
BA. 97, Ai. 1054, Nh. 48, Nw. 25; Ni. 521, Ow. 41, Oh. 31,
Oi. 756, Ca. 1240.

Purchased, 1839.

1092. The skull of an Australian : $ .

The squamosals almost join the frontal on both sides.

C. 495, L. 180, B. 132, Bi. 733, H. 130, Hi. 722, BN. 99,
BA. 106, Ai. 1071, Nh. 45, Nw. 30, Ni. 667, Ow. 39, Oh. 30,
Oi. 796, Ca. 1165.

Presented by Lady Franklin, 1854.

UNKNOWN LOCALITY.

.197

1093. The calvaria of an Australian :

C. 513, L. 183, B. 139, Bi. 760, H. 136, Hi. 743, Ca. 1330.

Presented by Lady Franklin, 1854.

1094. The cranium of an Australian: S .

C. 528, L, 190, B. 140, Bi. 737, H. 140, Hi, 737, m. 99,
BA. 97, Ai. 980, Nh. 50, Nw. 31, m. 620, Ow. 43, Oh. 35,
Oi. 814, Ca. 1415.

1095. The cranium, wanting the occipital bone, of a young
Australian.

AU the permanent teeth, except the third molars, have been
fuUy in place. The basUar suture is not united.

Purchased, 1856.

198

MELANESIA.

7. MELANESIA*.
A. Tasmania.

1096. The articulated skeleton of an adult male native of Tas-
mania.

Obtained from a grave on Flinders Island, where the rem-
nant of the aboriginal population, when removed from Tasmania,
was located between 1832 and 1847, and where nearly two
hundred of them died.

The central upper incisors have been removed during life.
The last molars are verjr irregularly placed.

Height of skeleton 5 feet 3-3 inches = 1607.

Clavicle, r. 154, I. 158 ; humerus, r. 324, I. 323 ; radius,
r. 263, I. 261 : femur, r. 463, I. 469 ; tibia, r. 390, I. 388.

Cranium : C. 516, L. 183, B, 138, Bi. 754, H. 134, Hi. 732,
BN. 97, Nh. 49, Nw. 30, Ni. 612, Ow. 41, Oh. 32, Oi. 780,
Ca. 1400.

Presented hy Morton Allport, Esq., 1872.

1097. The articulated skeleton of an adult female Tasmanian.

The following account of this woman is extracted from Bon-
wick's ' Last of the Tasmanians ' (1870), where a portrait of
her, from a photograph taken in 1866, is given. She was one
of the last survivors of the race. " Bessy Clark, called after
the wife of the catechist, was then (1859) under forty j-ears of
age, and was the best-looking of the sisterhood. There was no
projection of the lower jaw ; and her good humour gave a
pleasant expression to her swarthy features. Her native name
was ' Pinnano-bathae ' (the Kangaroo-head). She had not led
a forest life with her people, having been rescued in early child-
hood. When Mr. G. A. Eobinson was out with his son and
others seeking after the Macquarie-Harbour tribe, a family were
disturbed at their fire so suddenly that a mother in her fright
forgot her little girl, whom she had left near the warm embers.
The deserted infant was placed on the back of young Eobinson,
and ultimately confided to the care of a country woman on
Flinders Island. "When old enough she was sent for education

* This division is extended beyond the limits usually assigned to it by
geographers, for reasons explained in the Introduction.

TASMANIA.

199

and training to the orphan school at Newtown, near Hobart
Town. It was thonght she would there bo removed from the
temptations of aboriginal life. Subsequently she was removed
to Flinders, and married to Augustus the Magnificent." In
1847 she accompanied the remnant of her race from Plinders
Island to Oyster Cove, where she died February 12th, 18G7,
being probably about forty years of age.

The upper incisors have been lost during life ; and the pos-
terior molars are irregularly developed. The frontal suture is
persistent. The sternum and left hand of the skeleton are
missing, as are many of the phalanges of all the extremities.

Height of skeleton 4 feet 8 inches=1422.

Clavicle, r. 1 30, I 130 ; humerus, r. 274, I. 275 ; radius,
r. 212, 1. 217 ; femur, r. 397, I. 397 ; tibia, r. 318, I 311.

Cranium : C. 492, L. 175, B. 133, Bi. 760, H. 119, Hi. 680,
BN. 87, m. 46, Nw. 27, Ni. 587, Ow. 37, Oh. 32, Oi. 865,
Ca. 1110.

Presented by Morton AUpo7't, Esq., 1872.

1098. The cranium of a Tasmanian : c? • 0. C. 5324.

C. 504, L. 180, B. 137, Bi. 761, H. 139, Hi. 772, BN. 94,
BA. 106, Ai. 1128, Nh. 44, Nw. 2'6, Ni. 591, Ow. 42, Oh. 30,
Oi. 714, Ca. 1275.

Ifimterian.

1099. The skull of a Tasmanian id- 0. C. 5320.

Though no trace of the basilar suture remains, and the lamb-
doidal suture is partly consolidated, the posterior molars are not
fully in place. In many of the Tasmanian skulls these teeth
appear to be developed at a comparatively late period, and are
often irregularly placed.

C. 512, L. 181, B. 139, Bi. 768, H. 133, Hi. 735, BN. 102,
BA. 104, Ai. 1020, Nh. 50, Nw. 29, Ni. 580, Ow. 40, Oh. 30,
Oi. 750, Ca. 1330.

Presented hy Ronald Gnnn, Esq.

1100. The cranium of a Tasmanian : c?. 0. C. 5325.

A section has been made through the prominent glabella and
supraorbital ridges, showing that they contain no aii'-sinuses,
but are filled with a cancellous diploc. The teeth have been
very much worn ; and tho calvarial sutures arc partially oblite-
rated.

200

MELANESIA.

C. 517, L. 188, E. 135, Bi. 718, H. 140, Hi. 745, BN. 101,
BA. 104, Ai. 1030, Nh. 53, Nw. 26, Ni. 491, Ow. 38, Oh. 31,
Oi. 816, Ca. 1330.

Presented hy Ronald Gunn, Esq.

1101. The cranium of a Tasmanian : d-

Marked " Tasmanian warrior, killed at Brushy Plains."

C. 513, L. 183, B. 137, Bi. 749, H. 129, Hi. 705, BN. 98,
BA. 100, Ai. 1020, Nh. 44, Nw. 25, Ni. 568, Ow. 39, Oh. 29,
Oi. 744, Ca. 1230.

Presented hy George Busk, Esq., 1864.

1102. The cranium of a Tasmanian : S-

Brought from Tasmania by Dr. Milligan. Figured in Busk's
' Crania Typica,' pi. vi.

C. 511, L. 183, B. 140, Bi. 765, H. 127, Hi. 694, BN. 99,
Nh. 49, Nw. 27, Ni. 551, Ow. 36, Oh. 28, Oi. 780, Ca. 1290.

Presented hy George Busk, Esq., 1869.

1103. The cranium of a Tasmanian : 6 •

This specimen was entered in the MS. catalogue as " Cranium
of an Australian," but without further description or iudicatiou
as to precise locality ; but its characters are so decidedly Tas-
manian that it has been removed to the present series. Lady
Franklin resided for many years in Tasmania, when her hus-
band was governor of that island ; and it is quite probable that
she may have had Tasmanian as well as Australian skulls in
her collection.

C. 483, L. 173, B. 135, Bi. 780, H. 124, Hi. 717, BN. 95,
BA. 98, Ai. 1032, Nh. 43, Nw. 27, Ni. 628, Ow. 37, Oh. 29,
Oi. 784, Ca. 1100.

Presented hy Lady Franklin, 1854.

1104. A cranium, described in the former Catalogue as that of
a Tasmanian, but presenting somewhat exceptional cha-
racters, if really belonging to an individual of that race :
6. 0. C. 5328.

The calvarial sutures are almost obliterated, and the teeth
have been worn down to stumps. A horizontal section has been
made across the glabella, showing that the usual air-sinuses of
that region are well developed.

TASMANIA.

201

C. 518, L. 188, B. 133, Bi. 707, H. 137, Hi. 729, BN. 113,
BA. 110, Ai. 974, Nh. 55, Nw. 27, Ni. 491, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1335.

Presented by Dr. Hohson.

1105. The cranium of a Tasmanian : $ . 0. C. 5326.

C. 478, L. 1G9, B. 135, Bi. 790, H. 126, Hi. 746, BN. 89,
BA. 94, Ai. 1056, Nh. 41, Nw. 25, Ni. 610, Ow. 36, Oh. 30,
Oi. 833, Ca. 1145.

Hunterian.

1106. The skull, with the atlas, of a Tasmanian : $ . 0. C. 5322.

" Prom Port Dalrymple, Van Diemeu's Land."

Though the basilar suture has united, the i^osterior molars are
not in place in either jaw. There are but three inferior incisors,
the middle one in a line with the symphysis, and opposing the
interspace of the two upper central incisors.

C. 486, L. 175, B. 127, Bi. 726, H. 127, Hi. 726, BN. 97,
BA. 94, Ai. 969, Nh. 48, Nw. 25, Ni. 521, Ow. 37, Oh. 33,
Oi. 892, Ca. 1180.

Presented by Sir Everard Home, Bart., 1809.

1107. The cranium of a Tasmanian which has been vertically and
transversely bisected : $ . 0. C. 5327 and 5763.

The basilar suture has but recently united.

C. 488, L. 176, B. 132, Bi. 750, H. 125, Hi. 710, BN. 92,
BA. 90, Ai. 978, Nh. 44, Nw. 25, Ni. 568, Ow. 36, Oh. 31,
Oi. 861, Ca. 1225.

Presented by Ronald Gimn, Esq.

1108. The skull of a Tasmanian : $ .

From a grave in Bruni Island.

The circumstances under which this specimen was obtained
are described in the following note from the donor : — " When
H.M.S. ' Ply ' was at Hobart Town in 1842, a young gentleman
of great intelligence and adventure volunteered to accompany
Mr. M'Gillivray and myself to the place of interment of the last
of the aboriginal inhabitants of Tasmania who had died in their
own land. I will not speak of our labours and dangers in the
adventiu'e : it was the painful occasion of the loss of two out of
our three boats, with their crews of nine men. After landing,

202

MELANESIA.

and sleeping for several nights in the trees, we found the spot.
The graves, I suppose twelve in number, wore in a flat secluded
place on Bruni Island, in the midst of a sombre soundless gum-
tree forest. The only other sign of human beings having been
near was the ruin of the house where the few unfortunate
natives who survived had been confined previous to their intended
transportation to Banks's Island. Tired, but determined, we
dug about six feet down, and to our disappointment found ashes
of a burning. We dug into another grave, and found it had
been disturbed. On opening a third we were more fortunate ;
a layer of EumJyjJtus-hfirk stopped the spade, and on being
opened disclosed the body of a young female in a perfect state
of preservation. The water began to flow into the grave ; but
we soon obtained and carried off the head, which accompanies
this note."

Though quite adult, the basilar suture being united, the
cranium is of very diminutive size, and shows the same slowness
of development and irregularity of position of the third molars
observed in many of the other Tasmanian skulls. The surface
of the bone is stained of a deep brown colour by the soil or de-
composing vegetable matter in which it has been laid.

C. 462, L. 163, B. 130, Bi. 798, H. 123, Hi. 755, BN. 91,
BA. 91, Ai. 1000, Nh. 41, Nw. 25, Ni. 610, Ow. 37, Oh. 30,
Oi. 811, Ca. 1075.

Presented hy Dr. Archibald Sibhald, R.N., 1854.

1109. A crcanium of a Tasmanian*: $ . 0. C. 5329.

It has been stained the same dark colour as the last, aud may
be from the same locality.

C. 494, L. 175, B. 135, Bi. 771, H. 124, Hi. 709, BN. 92,
BA. 99, Ai. 1076, Nh, 45, Nw. 27, M. 600, Ow. 38, Oh. 31,
Oi. 816, Ca. 1175.

Presented hy Ronald Gunn, Esq.

* In the former Catalogue this is described as the "cranium of an
Austi-alian ; " but its strongly marked Tasmanian characters, the fact of its
having been presented by Mr. R. Gunn (who was a resident in the smaller
island, and the donor of many Tasmanian but no Australian specimens),
added to the circiuustance that in that Catalogue the races inhabiting the
two islands were not held to be distinct (as shown by No. 5345, " The
cranium of an Australian child from Van Diemen's Land "), are sufficient
justifications for its removal into the present series.

TASMANIA.

203

1110. Tho skull of ii Tasimmian : ?.

" From Dr. Bedford."

C. 472, L. 104, B. 131, Bi. 799, H. 122, Hi. 744, BN. 94,
BA. 99, Ai, 1053, Nh. 47, Nw. 25, Ni. 532, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi. 865, Ca. 1075.

Presented hy Sir Joseph D. Hooker, K.C.S.I., 186G.

1111. Tlie skull of a Tasmanian, said to have been fourteen years
of age: 0. C. 5321.

Tho basilar suture is still open ; and the third molars are not
in place. As in No. 1106, there are but three lower incisors,
the central one being placed in the median line.

C. 498, L. 177, B. 136, Bi. 768, H. 130, Hi. 734, m. 97,
BA. 99, Ai. 1021, Nh. 40, Nw. 23, Ni. 575, Ow. 36, Oh. 30,
Oi. 833, Ca. 1300.

Presented hy G. J. Guthrie, Esq., 1825.

1112. The skuU of a young Tasmanian. 0. C. 5323.

The basilar suture is still open ; and the last molars are not
in place. There are two epiptcrics on the left side. On the
right a " frontal process " of the squamosal nearly reaches the
frontal bone.

C. 485, L. 175, B. 132, Bi. 754, H. 130, Hi. 743, BN. 93,
BA. 98, Ai. 1054, Nh. 41, Nw. 27, Ni. 659, Ow. 37, Oh. 31,
Oi. 838, Ca. 1200.

Presented hy Ronald Gunn, Esq.

1113. The cranium of a female Tasmanian infant, from Vovi
Dalrymple. 0. C. 5345.

The frontal suture and fontinelle are not closed ; and tho
milk-molars are not yet in place. The exoccipitals are
wanting.

C. 430, L. 155, B. 122, Bi. 787.

Presented; hy Thomas Hohhes Scott, Esq., 1821.

1113 a. a cranium from the South Pacific, the exact locality of
which is unknown, but with characters resembling those
of the Tasmanian race : 6 .

C. 401, L. 171, B. 138, Bi. 807, H. 130, Hi. 760, BN. 93,
BA. 94, Ai. 1011, Nh. 44, Nw. 26, Ni. 591, Ow. 38, Oh. 31,
Oi. 816, Ca. 1225.

Presented hy Sir Joseph J). Hooker, K.C.S.I., 186(i.

204

MELAiJESlA.

B. New-Caledonian Group.

1114. A cranium from the Isle of Pines, or Hunia, a small
island off the south-east end of New Caledonia : c? •

This skull is remarkable for its prominent malars, deep
canine fossEe, long low orbits, narrow interorbital space, heavy
supraciliary ridges and glabella, and short round palate. The
squamosal joins the frontal on the right side, but is separated
from it on the left by an epipteric bone. The crowns of the
posterior molars are turned directly outwards.

C. 498, L. 180, B. 130, Bi. 722, H. 133, Hi. 739, BN. 91,
BA. 94, Ai. 1033, Nh. 45, Nw. 25, Ni. 555, Ow. 39, Oh. 30,
Oi. 769, Ca. 1425.

Presented by Captain Sir J. Everard Home, Bart., R.N.

1115. A skull from the Isle of Pines, or Hunia : $ ?

The left squamosal joins the frontal by a processus frontalis.
On the right side there is an epipteric. The facial characters
differ greatly from those of the last. The glabella forms no
prominence. The malars are small, the palate long and narrow,
and the face altogether compressed. The specimens which fol-
low are intermediate in conformation.

C. 504, L. 186, B. 127, Bi. 683, H. 134, Hi. 720, BN. 95,
BA. 104, Ai. 1095, Nh. 46, Nw. 25, Ni. 543, Ow. 38, Oh. 32,
Oi. 842, Ca. 1320.

Presented by Captain Sir J. Everard Home, Bart., R.N.

1116. A skull from the Isle of Pines : $ ?

C. 500, L. 185, B. 122, Bi. 659, H. 132, Hi. 714, BN. 105,
BA. 105, Ai. 1000, Nh. 47, Nw. 24, Ni. 511, Ow. 38, Oh. 31,
Oi. 816, Ca. 1270.

Presented by Captain Sir J. Everard Home, Bart., R.N.

1117. A skull from the Isle of Pines : c??

C. 490, L. 176, B. 127, Bi. 722, H. 132, Hi. 750, BN. 93,
Nh. 46, Nw. 26, Ni. 565, Ow. 39, Oh. 31, Oi. 795, Ca. 1275.
Presented by Captain Sir J. Everard Home, Bart., R.N.

1118. A mutilated skull from the Isle of Pines : d?

The squamosal joins the frontal on the right side. The
squamoso-mandibular articulation has suffered extremely from
rheumatic arthritis.

NEW-CALEDONIAN GROUP.

205

C. 487, L. 175, B. 133, Bi. 7G0, H. 140, Hi. 800, BN. 100,
BA. 105, Ai. 1050, Nh. 44, Nw. 25, Ni. 568, Ow. 38, Oh. 31,
Oi. 81G.

Presented by Captain Sir J. Everard Home, Bart., R.N.

1119. A mutilated calvaria, from the Isle of Pines : tS .

This is of much greater density, and has the ridges for muscular
attachments more developed than in any of the other skulls of the
series. There are exostoses in both external auditory meatuses.

C. 514, L. 182, B. 132, Bi. 725, H. 142, Hi. 780, Ca. 1275.
Presented by Captain Sir J. Everard Home, Bart., R.N.

1120. A collection of bones obtained with the above skulls from
the Isle of Pines, consisting of portions of six individuals,
four males and two females, and including one perfect
male pelvis*.

Presented by Captain Sir J. Everard Home, Bart., R.N.

1121. The skull of a native of Lifu, the largest of the Loyalty
Islands, near New Caledonia : c?. 0. C. 5399.

This skull and the three following, from the same locality,
present both cranial and facial characters of the Malayo-Poly-
nesian,rather than the Melanesian races — which accords perfectly
with what is known of the external appearance and history of the
people. The nasal index alone would be quite sufficient to dis-
tinguish them from any of the Melanesian or Australioid races.

C. 503, L. 175, B. 137, Bi. 783, H. 137, Hi. 783, m. 109,
BA. 106, Ai. 972, Nh. 61, Nw. 25, Ni. 410, Ow. 40, Oh. 38,
Oi. 950, Ca. 1450.

P^'esented by Dr. George Bennett.

1122. The skull of a native of the Island of Lifu, Loyalty group:

? . 0. C. 5400.

The basilar suture has but recently united ; and the third
molars are not fully developed.

C. 485, L. 171, B. 135, Bi. 789, H. 127, Hi. 743, BN. 97,
BA. 97, Ai. 1000, Nh. 48, Nw. 21, Ni. 438, Ow. 38, Oh. 36,
Oi. 947, Ca. 1300.

Presented by Dr. George Bennett.

• These specimens must have been collected between the years 1841 and
184G, the period during which Sir James Everard Home was in command of
H.M.S. ' North Star' in the Pacific.

206

MELANESIA.

1123. The skull of a child from the Island of Lifa. 0. C. 5401.

The first permanent molars, the permanent incisors, and the
milk-molars are in place.

C. 444, L. 159, B. 122, Bi. 767, H. 125, Hi. 786.

Presented by Dr. George Bennett.

1124. The skull of a younger child from the Island of Lifu.
0. C. 5402.

The railk-dentition only has been acquired.
C. 438, L. 155, B. 125, Bi. 806.

Presented hy Dr. George Bennett.

C. Fijian Group.

The fourteen following specimens were obtained in August
1876, by Baron A. von Hiigel, from a cave used as a burial-
place by the Ngalimai-i tribe of Kai Colos, or Mountaineers of
Fiji, at Wakuku, on the Siga Toka river, Nandronga district, in
the island of Viti Levu.

1125. The skull of a Mountaineer of Viti Levu, of the Ngalimari
tribe : c? .

From Baron A. von Hiigcl's collection *.

C. 532, L. 197, B. 129, Bi. 655, H. 146, Hi. 741, m. 110,
BA. 110, Ai. 1000, Nh. 46, Nw. 28, Ni. 609, Ow. 40, Oh. 34,
Oi. 850, Ca. 1540.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1126. The skull of a mountaineer of Viti Levu, of the Ngalimari
tribe : 6 .

From Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.

C. 523, L. 194, B. 120, Bi. 619, H. 141, Hi. 727, BN. 102,
BA. 104, Ai. 1020, Fh. 47, Nw. 26, Ni. 553, Ow. 38, Oh. 32,
Oi. 842, Ca. 1550.

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

* Tbis collection, consisting of thirty-seven skulls of natives of islands in
the Pacific Ocean, was purchased in 1879 by Mr. Erasmus Wilson, F.R.S.,
and by him presented to the College.

FIJIAN GUOUP.

207

1127. The skull of a mountaineor of Viti Levu, of the Ngalhnari
tribe : c?.

From Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.

C. 531, L. 193, B. 134, Bi. (59-1, H. 143, Hi, 741, BN. 108,
BA. 109, Ai. 1009, Fh. 54, Nw. 28, Ni. 518, Ow. 42, Oh. 35,
Oi. 833, Ca. 1530.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1128. The skull of a mountaineer of Viti Levu, of the Ngalimari
tribe : 6 .

From Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.

C. 650, L. 203, B. 134, Bi. 660, H. 147, Hi. 724, BN. 99,
BA. 104, Ai. 1051, Nh. 52, Kw. 29, Ni. 558, Ow. 41, Oh. 34,
Oi. 829, Ca. 1660.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1129. The skull of a mountaineer of Viti Levu, of the Ngalimari
tribe : d .

From Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.

The squamosal joins the frontal on the left side. Most of the
teeth have been lost during life.

C. 526, L. 193, B. 127, Bi. 658. H. 140, Hi. 725, BN. 103,
Nh. 49, Nw. 30, Ni. 612, Ow. 39, Oh. 32, Oi. 820, Ca. 1370.

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1130. The skull of a mountaineer of Viti Levu, of the Ngalimari
tribe : cf .

From Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.

All the teeth have heen lost during life, and the alveolar
margins of both jaws absorbed.

C. 519, L. 190, B. 125, Bi. 658, H. 138, Hi. 726, BF. 103,
Nh. 45, Nw. 26, Ni. 578, Ow. 38, Oh. 32, Oi. 842, Ca. 1375.

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1131. The cranium of a mountaineer of Viti Levu, of the Ngali-
mari tribe : S .

From Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.

All the teeth have been lost during life, and the alveolar
walls absorbed.

C. 509, L. 186, B. 123, Bi. 661, H. 140, Hi. 753, BN. 98,
Nh. 47, Nw. 28, Ni. 596, Ow. 38, Oh. 34, Oi. 895, Ca. 1350.

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

208

MELANESIA.

1132. The skull of a mountaineer of Viti Levu, of the Ngalimari
tribe : $ ?

From Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.
Me topic.

C. 502, L. 181, B. 126, Bi. 696, H. 142, Hi. 785, BN". 104,
BA. 105, Ai. 1010, Nh. 48, Nw. 28, Ni. 583, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 868, Ca. 1300.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1133. The skull of a mountaineer of Viti Levu, of the Ngalimari
tribe : $ .

From Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.

C. 504, L. 185, B. 124, Bi. 670, H. 137, Hi. 741, BN. 96,
BA. 102, Ai. 1063, Nh. 43, Nw. 24, Ni.'558, Ow. 36, Oh. 34,
Oi. 944, Ca. 1380. .

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1134. The skull of a mountaineer of Viti Levu, of the Ngalimari
tribe : $ .

From Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.

C. 512, L. 190, B. 123, Bi. 647, H. 137, Hi. 721, BN. 95,
BA. 98, Ai. 1032, Nh. 44, Nw. 25, Ni. 568, Ow. 35, Oh. 34,
Oi. 971, Ca. 1355.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1135. The skull of a mountaineer of Viti Levu, of the Ngalimari
tribe : $ .

From Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.

C. 488, L. 180, B. 117, Bi. 650, H. J 32, Hi. 733, BN. 97,
BA. 105, Ai. 1082, Nh. 46, Nw. 25, Ni. 543, Ow. 35, Oh. 32,
Oi. 914, Ca. 1250.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1136. The cranium of a young mountaineer of Viti Levu, of the
Ngalimari tribe.

From Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.

All the molars have been developed ; but the basilar suture is
not consolidated.

C. 490, L. 183, B. 120, Bi. 656, H. 132, Hi. 721, BN. 97,
BA. 99, Ai. 1021, Nh. 44, Nw. 23, Ni. 523, Ow. 36, Oh. 34,
Oi. 944.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

riJJAN GROUP.

209

1137. The cranium of a mountaineer of Viti Levu, of the Ngali-
mari tribe, somewhat younger than the last.

From Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.

All tho permanent teeth are in place, except the posterior
molars. Tho basilar suture is open.

C. 486, L. 175, B. 125, Bi. 714, H. 137, Hi. 783, BN. 99,
BA. 94, Ai. 949, Nh. 46, Nw. 22, M. 478, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
Oi. 919.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1138. The skull of a child of the Ngalimari tribe of mountaineers
of Viti Levu.

From Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.
The milk-teeth only are in place.

C. 455, L. 169, B. 113, Bi. 669, Nh. 34, Nw. 16, Ni. 471,
Ow. 30, Oh. 31, Oi. 1033.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1139. The skull of a male Kai Colo, or mountaineer of Fiji, from
Voresika, in the Na Drau district, Viti Levu.

Prom a man kiUed by a club in a fray with natives of another
tribe.

From Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.

C. 515, L. 187, B. 128, Bi. 684, H. 145, Hi. 775, BN". 104,
BA. 106, Ai. 1019, Nh. 50, Nw. 30, Ni. 600, Ow. 41, Oh. 36,
Oi. 878, Ca. 1445.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1140. The skull of a male Kai Colo, or mountaineer of Fiji, from
Voresika, in the Na Drau district, Viti Levu.

From a man kiUed by a blow with a club at the same time
with the last.

The blow, inflicted just behind the left parietal eminence, has
completely detached a nearly circular piece of the ijaner table of
the skuU about the size of a shilling.

The four upper incisors have been lost during life.

C. 520, L. 191, B. 128, Bi. 670, H. 141, Hi. 738, BN. 100,
Nh. 49, Nw. 27, Ni. 551, Ow. 40, Oh. 33, Oi. 825, Ca. 1500.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

210

MELANESIA.

1141. The cranium of a man, an imbecile from birth, of
Navolau, in the Raki-Raki district, coast of Viti Levu.

Prom Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.

The bony palate is defective in the middle line as far forwards
as the posterior edge of the second premolar tooth.

C. 486, L. 176, B. 121, Bi. 688, H. 139, Hi. 790, BN. 107,
BA. 106, Ai. 991, m. 51, Nw. 26, Ni. 510, Ow. 42, Oh. 35,
Oi. 833, Oa. 1250.

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1142. The cranium of a male native of Bau, Viti Levu (Coast
tribe).

Killed by Kai Colos, or mountaineers, in 1871. The bony
palate is widely defective.

From Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.

C. 522, L. 189, B. 137, Bi. 725, H. 141, Hi. 746, BN. 105,
BA. 106, Ai. 1010, Nh. 51, Nw. 27, Ni. 529, Ow. 40, Oh. 37,
Oi. 925, Ca. 1540.

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1143. A cranium from Loma Loma, on the island of Vanua-
Balavu, one of the Windward or Eastern group of the
Fiji Islands : 6 •

The natives of this island have a large infusion of Tongan
blood.

Prom Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.

C. 535, L. 192, B. 138, Bi. 719, H. 145, Hi. 755, BN. 108,
BA. 106, Ai. 981, Nh. 53, Nw. 26, Ni. 491, Ow. 41, Oh. 35,
Oi. 854, Ca. 1600.

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1144. A cranium from Loma Loma, on the island of Vanua-
Balavu : 6 .

From Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.

C. 530, L. 191, B. 132, Bi. 691, H. 138, Hi. 723, BN. 110,
BA. 110, Ai. 1000, Nh. 53, Nw. 25, Ni. 472, Ow. 41, Oh. 36,
Oi. 878.

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

FIJIAN QKOUP.

211

1145. A cranium from Loma Loma, on the island of Vanua-
Balavu : c? .

From Baron A. von Hugol's collection.

C. 514, L, 189, B. 131, Bi. 693, H. 143, Hi. 757, BN. 106,
BA. 104, Ai. 981, Nh. 53, Nw. 28, Ni. 528, Ow. 41, Oh. 36,
Oi. 878, Ca. 1390.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1146. The skull of a child from Ovalau, Fiji Islands.

From Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.
The milk-teeth only are in place. The left squamosal meets
the frontal.

C. 472, L. 173, B. 119, Bi. 688, H. 124, Hi. 717, BN. 83,
BA. 82, Ai. 988, Nh. 33, Nw. 22, Wi. 666, Ow. 35, Oh. 31,
Oi. 886.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

The scaphocephalic cranium, No. 129, is also from Ovalau.

1147. The skull of a male native of the Fiji Islands. 0. C.
5388.

From a man who died in the hospital at Hobart Town, Tas-
mania. Like many of the natives of the coast districts, it pre-
sents more of the characteristics of the Polynesian than the
Melanesian race. It is figured in Martin's ' Natural History of
Quadrupeds, &c.' (1840) p. 310.

C. 503, L. 179, B. 140, Bi. 782, H. 139, Hi. 777, BN. 109,
BA. 107, Ai. 982, Nh. 54, Nw. 29, Ni. 537, Ow. 38, Oh. 38,
Oi. 1000, Ca. 1425.

Presented hy Dr. Hohson.

1 148. The skull of a male native of Rotuma Island.

From a man who died in the Seamen's Hospital, Greenwich.

C. 617, L. 185, B. 137, Bi. 741, H. 140, Hi. 757, BN. 106,
BA. 112, Ai. 1057, Nh. 58, Nw. 25, Ni. 431, Ow. 39, Oh. 37,
Oi. 949, Ca. 1350.

Presented hy George Busk, Esq., 1875.

212

MELANESIA.

D. New-Hebrides Group.

1149. The cranium of a native of Tanna : <S .

Obtained in Fiji by Baron A. von Hiigel*.

C. 474, L. 167, B. 125, Bi. 749, H. 125, Hi. 749, BN. 92,
BA. 99, Ai. 1076, Nh. 49, Nw. 25, Ni. 510, Ow. 40, Oh. 33,
Oi. 825, Ca. 1145.

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1150. A skull of a native of Vati or Sandwich Island, New
Hebrides : S .

C. 501, L. 178, B. 129, Bi. 725, H. 138, Hi. 775, m. 100,
BA. 106, Ai. 1060, Nh. 51, Nw. 28, Ni. 571, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 875, Ca. 1330.

Purchased from Mr. Hugh Cuming, 1860.

1151. The skull of a native of Api : 6 .

Obtained in Piji by Baron A. von Hiigel.

C. 478, L. 172, B. 127, Bi. 738, H. 126, Hi. 733, BN. 98,
BA. 105, Ai. 1071, Nh. 50, Nw. 28, Ni. 560, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1160.

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879'

1152. The skull of a native of Api : d ?

Obtained in Piji by Baron A. von Hiigel.

The palate is cleft ; and the margins of the anterior nasal
aperture are peculiarly rounded.

C. 483, L. 169, B. 131, Bi. 775, H. 137, Hi. 811, BN. 96,
BA. 95, Ai. 990, Nh. 45, Nw. 21, Ni. 467, Ow. 38, Oh. 32,
Oi. 842, Ca. 1375.

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1153. The skull of a native of Ambryni : S .

Obtained in Piji by Baron A. von Hiigel.

* The New-Hebridean crania collected by Baron von Hiigel were those of
labourers imported into Fiji, and who died there. The localities from which
they came were carefully authenticated.

NEW-IIEBlllDES GROUP. 213

C. 508, L. 181, B. 127, Bi. 702, H. 136, Hi. 751, BN. 104,
BA. IIG, Ai. 1115, Nh. 48, Nw. 27, Ni. 563, Ow. 43, Oh. 35,
Oi. 814, Ca. 1305.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

The five following specimens from Mallicollo, with the two
from Vauikoro, were collected by the late Commodore Good-
enough, E.N., during his last cruise in H.M.S. ' Pearl/ in the
year 1875. They were presented by his widow to the donor.
With those collected at the same time by Mr. Corrie, they form
the subject of a memoir by Mr. Busk published in the ' Journal
of the Anthropological Institute,' vol. vi. p. 200.

1154. A cranium from Cook's S.W. Bay, Island of Mallicollo :

cJ.

The squamosals join the frontal largely on both sides.

C. 498, L. 177, B. 130, Bi. 734, H. 131, Hi. 740, BN. 96,
BA. 99, Ai. 1031, Nh. 48, Nw. 25, Ni. 521, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1400.

Presented hy Major- General A. Lane Fox, 1876.

1155. A cranium from Cook's 8.W. Bay, Mallicollo.

C. 513, L. 188, B. 127, Bi. 676, H. 138, Hi. 734, BN. 102,
BA. 102, Ai. 1000, Nh. 52, Nw. 28, Ni. 535, Ow. 38, Oh. 38,
Oi. 1000, Ca. 1410.

Presented hy Major-General A. Lane Fox, 1876.

1156. A mutilated cranium from Cook's S.W. Bay, Mallicollo :

The calvarial sutures are nearly all obliterated ; yet traces
of the frontal suture are to be seen.

C. 475, L. 170, B. 122, Bi. 718, H. 126, Hi. 741, BN. 93,
Nh. 47, Nw. 26, Ni. 553, Ow. 38, Oh. 33, Oi. 868.

Presented hy Major-General A. Lane Fox, 1876.

1157. A cranium from Port Sand^yich, Mallicollo : 6 .

The squamosals join the frontal on both sides.

C. 500, L. 181, B. 130, Bi. 718, H. 135, Hi. 746, BN. 98,
BA. 108, Ai. 1102, Nh. 50, Nw. 28, Ni. 560, Ow. 40, Oh. 34,
Oi. 850, Ca. 1300.

Presented hy Major-General A. Lane Fox, 1876.

214

MELANESIA.

1158. A cranium from Port Sandwich, Mallicollo : d?

It is motopic. The squamosal joins the frontal on the right
side.

C. 490, L. 176, B. 128, Bi. 727, H. 129, Hi. 733, BN. 92,
BA. 95, Ai. 1033, Nh. 43, Nw. 24, Ni. 558, Ow. 37, Oh. 33,
Oi. 892, Ca. 1225.

Presented by Major-General A. Lane Fox, 1876.

The three following specimens were collected by the donor
in 1875, while Assistant Surgeon to H.M.S. ' Pearl.'

1159. A cranium from the island of Mallicollo : ??

The squamosals join the frontal largely on both sides.

C. 492, L. 176, B. 122, Bi. 693, H. 127, Hi. 722, BN. 91,
BA. 98, Ai. 1077, Wa.. 47, Nw. 26, M. 553, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1250.

Presented by Alfred Corrie, Esq., R.N., 1875.

1160. A cranium from the island of Mallicollo : 6 .

The squamosals join the frontal largely on both sides.

C. 500, L. 180, B. 125, Bi. 694, H. 131, Hi. 728, m. 91,
BA. 96, Ai. 1055, Nh. 49, Nw. 26. M. 531, Ow. 38, Oh. 36,
Oi. 947, Ca. 1275.

Presented by Alfred Corrie, Esq., R.N., 1875.

1161. A cranium from the island of Mallicollo : $?

The squamosals join the frontal on both sides. The frontal
suture is open, though both sagittal and coronal sutures are
partially obliterated, and the skull shows signs of advanced age.
It is probably to this cause that the great general depression of
the cranium and widening of the temporal region is due, giving
height and breadth indices quite unlike those of Melanesian
skulls generally. As the normal form has evidently been
altered by senile change, this cranium is excluded from the
average measurements.

C. 490, L. 173, B. 132, Bi. 763, H. 118, Hi. 682, m. 92,
Nh. 49, Nw. 25, Ni. 510, Ow. 39, Oh. 36, Oi. 923, Ca. 1200.

Presented by Alfred Corrie, Esq., R.N., 1875.

N.B. The Mallicollo crania are all remarkable for the depression
of the frontal region ; but it has not yet been ascertained whether this
is a natural conformation, or due to artificial compression in infancy.

NEW-IIEBRIUES GllOUP.

215

1162. The skull of a native of the Banks Islands : 6.

Obtained in Fiji by Baron A. von Hiigel.

C. 498, L. 176, B. 129, Bi. 733, H, 129, Hi. 733, BN. 98,
BA. 100, Ai. 1020, Nh. 54, Nw. 27, Ni. 500, Ow. 41, Oh. 34,
Oi. 756, Ca. 1230.

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1163. The skull of a native of the Banks Islands : d.

Obtained in Fiji by Baron A. von Hiigel.

C. 483, L. 165, B. 132, Bi. 800, H. 130, Hi. 788, BN, 94,
BA. 99, Ai. 1053, Nh. 53, Nw. 27, Ni. 509, Ow. 41, Oh. 35,
Oi. 854, Ca. 1320.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1164. The skull of a native of Cherry Island : c?.

Obtained in Fiji by Baron A. von Hiigel.

The right upper canine is almost completely embedded in the
maxilla, the apex of the crown pointing upwards and outwards
just below the infraorbital foramen, with its lingual surface
forwards. There are but three lower incisors, the central one
being placed close to the middle Hne ; the missing one appears
to be the right lateral.

C. 500, L. 175, B. 136, Bi. 777, H. 152, Hi. 869, BN. 105,
BA. 98, Ai. 933, Nh. 48, Nw. 25, Ni. 521, Ow. 40, Oh. 32,
Oi. 800, Ca. 1500.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1165. A skull from Direction Island, Vanikoro : S •

Obtained by Commodore Goodenougb, R.N., in 1875.

C. 502, L. 180, B. 127, Bi. 706, H. 136, Hi. 756, BN. 100,
BA. Ill, Ai. 1110, Nh. 46, Nw. 24, Ni. 522, Ow. 39, Oh. 30,
Oi. 769, Ca. 1350.

Presented hy Major-General A. Lane Fox, 1876.

1166. A skull from Direction Island, Vanikoro : 6 •

Obtained by Commodore Goodenough, li.N., in 1875.

C. 483, L. 175, B. 125, Bi. 714, H. 140, Hi. 800, BN. 98,
BA. 100, Ai. 1020, Nh. 46, Nw. 27, Ni. 587, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi. 865, Ca. 1310.

Presented hy Major-General A. Lane Fox, 1876.

216

MELANESIA.

1167. A skull said to have been brought from one of the islands
of the New Hebrides : c? .

This skull of a powerful mau presents in an exaggerated
degree the characters of the "hypsi-stenocephalic" Melanesian
cranium, and its dimensions closely correspond to those of an
inhabitant of Vati (or Fate) described in Dr. Barnard Davis's
' Thesaurus,' p. 311. no. 817.

C. 533, L. 199, B. 128, Bi. 643, H. 142, Hi. 719, BN". 108,
BA. 115, Ai. 1065, Nh. 52, Nw. 29, Ni. 558, Ow. 43, Oh. 32,'
Oi. 744, Ca. 1475.

Purchased, 1876.

1168. A cranium of unknown locality, formerly assigned to New

Zealand, but more probably from the New Hebrides : § .

In its general characters, allowing for the very well-marked
sexual diflferenees, it resembles the last. This cranium has been
described and figured by Professor Huxley in a memoir " On
two widely-contrasted forms of the Human Cranium," ' Journal
of Anatomy,' vol. i. p. 60 (1867)- It has the lowest index of
breadth of any normal cranium in the collection, except one of
the Fiji mountaineers, No. 1126.

C. 510, L. 190, B. 120, Bi. 632, H. 135, Hi. 711, BN. 101,
BA. 106, Ai. 1050, Nh. 49, Nw. 27, Ni. 551, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1225.

Presented hy Professor Huxley, 1876.

E. Solomon Islands.

1169. The skull of a native of Ysabel : 6 .

Obtained in Fiji by Baron A. von Hiigel.

C. 505, L. 180, B. 135, Bi. 750, H. 136, Hi. 756, BN. 100,
BA. 104, Ai. 1040, Nh. 53, Nw. 24, Ni. 453, Ow. 42, Oh. 35,
Oi. 833, Ca, 1450.

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

1170. The skull of a native of one of the Solomon Islands : 6 .

Obtained in Fiji by Baron A. von Hiigel.

C. 503, L. 182, B. 132, Bi. 725, H. 139, Hi. 764, BN. 101,
BA. 96, Ai. 950, Nh. 50, Nw. 23, Ni. 460, Ow. 36, Oh. 32,
Oi. 889, Ca. 1300.

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

SOLOMON ISLANDS. — PAPUA.

217

1171. An artificially prepared head from Rubiana, a small island
near New Georgia (Solomon Islands).

The face is ornamented with inlaid pieces of mother-of-pearl.
Wooden teeth are fixed in the mouth in front of the real ones.
Some of the hair remains at the back of the head in distinct
spirally-twisted tufts.

The following measurements are approximative only : —
C. 510, L. 181, B. 133, Bi. 735, Ca. 1300.

Presented hy Dr. George Bennett, 1859.

1172. A similarly prepared skull from the same locality.

The face is inlaid in the same manner with pieces of mother-
of-pearl, but in a different pattern.

Approximative measurements: — C. 515, L. 183, B. 140,
Bi. 765, Ca. 1370.

Presented hy Dr. George Bennett, 1859.

F. Papua or New Guinea.

The following thirteen crania from the east part of New Guinea
and the adjacent islands, were collected in 1874 by the donor
during the cruise of H.M.S. 'Basilisk' (Captain J. Moresby,
R.N.), and described in the 'Journal of the Anthropological
Institute,' vol. vi. p. 102 (1876)*. Although the majority
of them present the usual characteristics of the Melanesian race,
some (as Nos. 1174, 1178, and 1185) evidently belong to diffe-
rent types — a circumstance which quite accords with evidence
from other sources, indicating a considerable mixture of races
among the inhabitants of this region of the world. The localities
given arc those in which they were obtained ; but as the natives
are great (and perhaps rather indiscriminate) head-collectors,
they afford no proof of the original home of the person to which
the skull belonged.

* Two otlier crania of the same collection, and described in the paper above
referred to, are now in the Anatomical Museum of the University of Edinbiu'jfh.

218

MELANESIA.

1173. A skull from near South-east Capo, New Guinea :

C. 473, L. 172, B. 122, Bi. 709, H. 129, Hi. 750, BN. 93,
BA. 97, Ai. 1043, Nh. 44, Nw. 24, Ni. 545, Ow. 38, Oh. 31,
Oi. 816, Ca. 1150.
Presented by Dr. Peter Comrie, Staff-Surgeon R.N., 1877.

1174. A cranium from Traitor's Bay, near Riche Island, New

Guinea : c? •

The occipital region is injured, so that some of the measure-
ments cannot be taken.

C. 474, L. 163, B. 132, Bi. 810, Nh. 47, Nw. 25, Ni. 532,
Ow. 38, Oh. 33, Oi. 868, Ca. 1090.

Presented by Dr. P. Comrie, R.N.y 1877.

1175. A cranium from China Strait : 6 .

C. 503, L. 181, B. 128, Bi. 707, H. 127, Hi. 702, Nh. 50,
Nw. 26, Ni. 520, Ow. 37, Oh. 30, Oi. 811, Ca. 1250.

Presented by Dr. P. Comrie, R.N., 1877.

1176. A cranium from Skelton Island : 6 .

C. 490, L. 173, B. 130, Bi. 751, H. 130, Hi. 751, BN. 96,
BA. 96, Ai. 1000, Nh. 55, Nw. 25, Ni. 455, Ow. 40, Oh. 35,
Oi. 875, Ca. 1340.

Presented by Dr. P. Comrie, R.N., 1877.

1177. A cranium from Teste Island, south of Moresby Island :

6.

C. 500, L. 182, B. 127, Bi. 698, H. 133, Hi. 731, BN. 97,
BA. 98, Ai. 1010, Nh. 44, Nw. 25, Ni. 568, Ow. 37, Oh. 30,
Oi. 811, Ca. 1390.

Presented by Dr. P. Comrie., R.N., 1877.

1178. A cranium from Lydia Island, near East Cape, New
Guinea : d •

Found suspended to the figure-head of a canoe, March 4th,
1874.

Most of the teeth have been lost during life ; but obliteration
of the sutures has only commenced at the pterion and lambda.

PAPUA.

219

C. 480, L. IGG, B. 137, Bi. 825, H. 127, Hi. 765, Nh. 47,
Nw. 25, Ni. 532, Ow. 38, Oh. 31, Oi. 816, Ca. 1240.

Presented hy Dr. P. Comrie, R.N., 1877

1179. A cranium from Lydia Island : 6 .

There is no trace of a sagittal suture, though the basilar suture
has but recently united, and the teeth are unworn. This is
evidently a premature synostosis, and may have affected the form
of the head.

C. 515, L. 188, B. 132, Bi. 702, H. 135, Hi. 718, BN. 107,
BA. 107, A.i. 1000, Nh. 50, Nw. 26, Ni. 520, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi. 865, Ca. 1380.

Presented by Dr. P. Comrie, R.N., 1877.

1180. A cranium from Lydia Island : 6 .

C. 493, L. 176, B. 127, Bi. 722, H. 130, Hi. 739, BN. 96,
BA. 100, Ai. 1042, Nh. 48, Nw. 24, M. 500, Ow. 37, Oh. 30,
Oi. 811, Ca. 1290.

Presented hy Dr. P. Comrie, R.N., 1877.

1181. A cranium from Lydia Island : $ .

C. 482, L. 176, B. 123, Bi. 699, H. 134, Hi. 761, BN. 97,
BA. 102, Ai. 1052, Nh. 49, Nw. 26, Ni. 531, Ow. 37, Oh. 30,
Oi. 811, Ca. 1300.

Presented hy Dr. P. Comrie, R.N., 1877.

1182. A cranium from Lydia Island : $ .

C. 468, L. 176, B. 117, Bi. 665, H. 127, Hi. 722, BN. 101,
BA. 105, Ai. 1040, Nh. 46, Nw. 25, Ni. 543, Ow. 37, Oh. 28,
Oi. 757, Ca. 1080.

Presented hy Dr. P. Comrie, R.N., 1877.

1183. A cranium from Moresby Island : $ .

C. 466, L. 168, B. 122, Bi. 726, H. 129, Hi. 768, BN. 92,
BA. 95, Ai. 1033, Nh. 47, Nw. 26, Ni. 553, Ow. 36, Oh. 31,
Oi. 861, Ca. 1175.

Presented hy Dr. P. Comrie, R.N., 1877.

220

MELANESIA.

1184. A cranium from Tub Bay, D'Entrecasteaux Islands : ? .

The right squamosal joins the frontal.

C. 483, L. 176, B. 125, Bi. 710, H. 126, Hi. 716, BN. 97,
BA. 101, Ai. 1041, Nh. 50, Nw. 24, Ni. 480, Ow. 39, Oh. 32,
Oi. 820, Ca. 1190.

Presented hy Dr. P. Comrie, R.N., 1877.

1185. A cranium from the D'Entrecasteaux Islands : $ .

An articular surface for the odontoid process is developed on
the hasion.

C. 507, L. 178, B. 137, Bi. 770, H. 137, Hi. 770, BN. 97,
BA. 101, Ai. 1041, m. 51, Nw. 25, Ni. 490, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
Oi. 919, Ca. 1450.

Presented hy Dr. P. Comrie, R.N., 1877.

1186. A mandible from the same collection, not belonging to
either of the crania.

Presented hy Dr. P. Comrie, R.N., 1877.

1187. The cranium, with the right half of the face broken away,
from Wyer, an island at the eastern extremity of Torres
Strait. 0. C. 5348.

This and the other specimens from Torres Strait, presented
by Mr. Jukes, were collected on the surveying voyage of H.M.S.
' fly' (Captain Blackwood), durbg the years 1842-1846.

C. 496, L. 175, B. 134, Bi. 766, H. 134, Hi. 766, m. 96,
Ow. 40, Oh. 33, Oi. 825, Ca. 1365.

Presented hy J. Bete Jukes, Esq., 1846.

1188. The articulated skeleton of a male inhabitant of Erroob,
or Darnley Island, in Torres Strait.

Prepared from a dried mummy obtained in Erroob, in 1872,
by Mr. Charles Lemaistre, Master of the French brig ' Victoriue.'
A description and figure of the mummy, with observations upon
its mode of preservation, are given in the ' Journal of the Anthro-
pological Institute,' vol. viii. (1879) ; and a photograph, taken as
it was received, extended upon a wooden framework of native
manufacture, is placed with the skeleton.

The skull has some appearance of having been artificially
flattened.

PAPUA.

221

Height of skeleton 5 feet 3*9 inche8 = 1623.

Clavicle, r.^ 150, I. 150 ; humerus, r. 324, I. 327 ; radius, r.
263, I. 260 ; femur, r. 466, Z. 473 ; tibia, r. 387, I. 387.

Cranium : C. 505, L. 175, B. 132, Bi. 754, H. 136, Hi. 777,
BN. 108, BA. 110, Ai. 1019, Nh. 64, Nw. 27, Ni. 500, Ow. 41,
Oh. 34, Oi. 829, Ca. 1280.

Purchased, 1879.

1189. The artificially prepared head of a Papuan, from Erroob,
or Darnley Island : 6 . 0. C. 5351.

The dried integuments of the face have been painted red, and
artificial eyes of mother-of-pearl inserted in the orbits, as was
the case in the last specimen.

C. 510, L. 183, B. 137, Bi. 749, H. 135, Hi. 738, Ca. 1280.

Presented by Lieut. Ince, R.N., 1846.

1190. The skull of a Papuan, 'from Erroob, or Darnley Island,
which has been prepared in a similar manner : 6 .

Obtained by Prof. Huxley, while Assistant Surgeon to
H.M.S. ' Eattlesnake,' during Captain Owen Stanley's survey of
Torres Straits (1847-50).

C. 500, L. 182, B. 129, Bi. 709, H. 130, Hi. 714, m. 105,
BA. Ill, Ai. 1057, Nh. 50, Nw. 25, Ni. 500, Ow. 40, Oh. 33,
Oi. 825, Ca. 1225.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1864.

1191. The skull of a Papuan, from Erroob, or Darnley Island,
Torres Strait : S. 0. C. 5349.

C. 533, L. 196, B. 136, Bi. 694, H. 138, Hi. 704, m. 104,
BA. 112, Ai. 1077, Nh. 50, Nw. 26, Ni. 520, Ow. 42, Oh. 32,
Oi. 762, Ca. 1510.

Presented by J. Bete Jukes, Esq., 1846.

1192. The skull of a young Papuan, from Erroob, or Darnley
Island. 0. C. 5350.

The basilar suture is not closed ; and the posterior molars are
not in place, though all the other permanent teeth have been
cut.

222

MELANESIA.

C. 470, L. 167, B. 129, Bi. 772, H. 125, Hi. 749, BN. 93,
BA. 95, Ai. 1022, Nh. 45, Nw. 23, Ni. 511, Ow. 33, Oh. 32,
Oi. 970, Ca. 1220.

Presented hy J. Bete Jukes, Esq., 1846.

1193. The cranium of a Papuan, from one of the islands in Torres
Strait : cS. 0. C. 5347.

The left squaraoeal sends out a processus frontalis, which,
however, does not quite meet the frontal bone.

C. 498, L. 174, B. 138, Bi. 793, H. 140, Hi. 805, BN. 102,
BA. 110, Ai. 1078, Nh. 52, Nw. 25, Ni. 482, Ow. 42, Oh. 35,
Oi. 833, Ca. 1260.

Presented hy J. Bete Jukes, Esq., 1846.

1194. The cranium of a Papuan, from one of the islands in Torres
Strait: c?. 0. C. 5346.

The sagittal suture is obliterated in the region of the obelion,
where there is a large irregular depression.

C. 510, L. 185, B. 129, Bi. 697, H. 135, Hi. 730, BN, 99,
BA. 103, Ai. 1040, Nh. 51, Nw. 30, Ni. 588, Ow. 43, Oh. 38,
Oi. 884, Ca. 1300.

Presented hy J. Bete Jukes, Esq., 1846.

1195. The cranium of a Kowrarega, or inhabitant of Prince-of-
Wales's Island, Torres Strait : 6 .

Described by the donor as " a mixed race, Papuan and
Australian " *.

C. 502, L. 185, B. 128, Bi. 692, H. 137, Hi. 741, BN. 99,
BA. 102, Ai. 1030, Nh. 47, Nw. 29, Ni. 617, Ow. 43, Oh. 35,
Oi. 814, Ca. 1260.

Presented hy Lieut. R. H. Armit, R.N., 1870.

* " The Kowraregas inhabit the Prince-of-Wales group. I believe them
to be a Papuauized colony of Australians ; in fact one might hesitate whether
to consider them as Papuans or Australians, so complete is the fusion of the
two races. Still the natives of the Prince-of-Wales Islands rank themselves
with the islanders, and exhibit a degree of conscious superiority over then
neighbours on the mainland, and with some show of reason ; although them-
selves inferior to all the other islanders, they have at least made with them
the great advance in civilization of having learned to cultivate the ground —
a process which is practised by none of the Australian aborigines." — Mac-
GiLLiVBAY, Narrative, of the Voyage of H. M.S. ^ Eattlesnake,^ 1852.

PAPUA.

223

119f). The cranium of an inliabitiint of WalHs Island, Endeavour
Strait : 5 . 0. C. 5352.

C. 483, L. 174, B. 127, Bi. 730, H. 122, Hi. 701, BN. 93,
BA. 104, Ai. 1118, Nh. 46, Nw. 20, Ni. 565, Ow. 40, Oh. 32,
Oi. 800, Ca. 1100.

Presented hy J. Bete Jukes, Esq., 1846.

1197. An artificially prepared and ornamented head from the
south coast of New Guinea. Probably $ . 0. C. 5355.

From a 3'ouiig individual : the basilar suture is not united ;
nor are the last molar teeth come into place in either jaw.
The other permanent teeth are aU present.

Discovered May 30, 1845, with a large number of others
similarly prepared, by an exploring party from H.M.S. ' My '
(Captain Blackwood, E.N.), in a large native house on the
banks of Aird's Eiver, Gulf of Papua, suspended by the quasi-
beard from a frame under the middle of the roof. See Jukes'a
' Narrative of the Surveying Yoyage of H.M.S. Fly ' (1847),
vol. i. p. 274.

C. 450, L. 160, B. 129, Bi. 806, H. 128, Hi. 800, Ca. 1100.
Presented hy Captain Philip Blackioood, R.N., 1846.

1198. A similarly prepared head of an adult : S- 0. C. 5356.

Obtained with the last. The squamosals join the frontal on
both sides.

C. 482, L. 168, B. 136, Bi. 810, H. 137, Hi. 815, Ca. 1320.
Presented hy Captain Philip Blackwood, R.N., 1846.

1199. The cranium of a young Papuan. 0. C. 5354.

The basilar suture is not united ; and the last molars are not
in place.

C. 450, L. 164, B. 117, Bi. 713, H. 127, Hi. 774, BN. 87,
BA. 86, Ai. 989, Nh. 39, Nw. 21, M. 538, Ow. 34, Oh. 32,
Oi. 727, Ca. 1100.

Presented hy J. Bete Jukes, Esq., 1846.

1200. The cranium of a Papuan : 6 . 0. C. 5353.

C. 512, L. 187, B. 127, Bi. 679, H. 139, Hi. 743, BN. 98,
BA. 102, Ai. 1041, Nh. 47, Nw. 26, Ni. 553, Ow. 40, Oh. 34,
Oi. 850, Ca. 1435.

224

MELANESIA,

1201. A cast of the cranium of a brachyccphalic Papuan, from
the Island of Rawak, near Waigioo, at the north-west
extremity of New Guinea .

The original is in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle at Paris,
and is figured in the ' Zoologio du Voyage de Freycinot '
(I'llranie), by Quoy and Gaimard, plate 1.

C. 538, L. 178, B. 159, Bi. 893, H. 144, Hi. 809.

Presented hy the Professor- Adininistrators of the
Pans Museum of Natural History, per M. de
Quatrefages, 1875.

G. The Aj^daman Islands.

The following specimens of skeletons and skulls of the natives
of the Andaman Islands are all from the vicinity of Port Blair,
in South Andaman. A fuller description, in which they are
compared wath additional specimens of the same race from other
collections, will be found in a memoir " On the Osteology and
Affinities of the Natives of the Andaman Islands," read before
the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, at
the meeting of June 24, 1879, and published in the Journal of
the Institute.

1202. The cranium of a male native of the Andaman Islands.

It is preserved in the condition in which it was obtained
from the widow, who wore it suspended round her neck by a
netted band, as is the custom among the Andaman Islanders.
It has been stained with red ochre, adorned with tassels com-
posed of threaded pieces of the shell of Dentalium, and contains
within the cavity several valves of Novaculina olivacea.

The teeth have all been removed, except a left upper canine^
which is permanently buried in the alveolus.

Obtained in the Andamans by Captain Montagu Prothero.

C. 475, L. 165, B. 187, 'Bi. 830, H. 134, Hi. 812, BN. 92,
BA. 89, Ai. 967, Nh. 46, Nw. 24, Ni. 522, Ow. 36, Oh. 33,
Oi. 917, Ca. 1260.

Presented by Dr. Prothero Smith, 1877.

THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS.

225

1203. The articulated skeleton of a female native of the Anda-
man Islands.

Height of skeleton 4 feet 4 inches =1320.

Clavicle, r. 107, I. 107 ; humerus, r. 249, Z. 247 ; radius,
r. 201, I. 200 ; femur, r. 367, I. 370 ; tibia, r. 294, I. 291.

Cranium : C. 455, L. 152, B. 132, Bi. 868, H. 125, Hi. 822,
BN. 87, BA. 88, Ai. 1011, Nh. 43, Nw. 22, Ni. 612, Ow. 35,
Oh. 32, Oi. 914, Ca. 1080.

Received in exchange from the Calcutta Museum,

per Dr. J. Anderson, 1878.

1 204. The skull of a female native of the Andaman Islands.

From a woman said to have been eighteen years of age. The
basilar suture has united, though not very firmly ; and the third
molars are rising into place.

C. 465, L. 165, B. 131, Bi. 794, H. 126, Hi. 764, m. 90,
BA. 93, Ai. 1033, Nh. 43, Nw. 21, Ni. 488, Ow. 35, Oh. 33,
Oi. 943, Ca. 1125.

Presented hy Surgeon-Major Francis Day, 1870.

1205. The skull of a male native of the Andaman Islands.

It is that of a man named " Bibi tol," who lived at Brigade
Creek, and was supposed to be about twenty-five years of age
when he died.

C. 483, L. 166, B. 139, Bi. 837, H. 124, Hi. 747, BN. 93,
BA. 93, Ai. 1000, Nli. 47, Nw. 24, Ni. 511, Ow. 36, Oh. 34,
Oi. 944, Ca. 1280.

Presented hy Dr. Alfred J. Wall and Sir Joseph

Fayrer, M.D., K.C.S.I., 1877.

1206. The skeleton of a male native of the Andaman Islands.

Six cervical and two dorsal vertebrae, with most of the bones
of the hands and feet, are missing.

Clavicle, r. 109, I. 109 ; humerus, r. 281, I. 278 ; radius,
r. 202, I. 206 ; femur, r. 382, I. 382 ; tibia, r. 311, I. 310.

Cranium : C. 482, L. 171, B. 133, Bi. 778, H. 133, Hi. 778,
BN. 92, BA. 92, Ai. 1000, Nh. 40, Nw. 21, M. 525, Ow. 36,
Oh. 31, Oi. 861, Ca. 1195.

Presented hy Surgeon-Major Joseph Dougall, M.D.,
Senior Medical Officer, Andaman Islands, 1878 *.

• This and the following specimens were presented by the late Dr. Dougall,
at the request of Sir Joseph Fayi-er, M.D,, K.O.S.I., President of the Indian
Medical Board.

Q

226

MELANESIA.

1207. The skeleton of a male nath'^e of the Andaman Islands.

Prom a mau who died in March 1876 from the effects of a blow
on the occiput inflicted by a runaway convict.

The sternum, two ribs, a patella, and most of the bones of
the hands and feet are missing.

Clavicle, r. 123, I. 121 ; humerus, Z. 266 ; radius, r. 232,
I. 232 ; femur, r. 393, I. 394 ; tibia, r. 337, I. 333.

Cranium : C. 490, L. 168 *, B. 138, Bi. 821, H. 132, Hi. 786,
BN. 96, BA. 98, Ai. 1021, Fh. 46, Nw. 24, M. 522, Ow. 35,
Oh. 32, Oi. 914, Ca. 1330.

Presented by Surgeon-Major J. Dougall, M.D., 1878.

1208. The skeleton of a male native of the Andaman Islands,
wanting the skull.

The right clavicle, the atlas and axis, two ribs, and many of
the bones of the hands and feet are also missing.

Clavicle, I. 107 ; humerus, r. 276 ; radius, r. 226 ; femur,
r. 410 ; tibia, r. 330, I. 329.

Presented hy Surgeon-Major J. Dougall, M.D., 1878.

1209. The skeleton of a male native of the Andaman Islands,
wanting the skull.

The right radius, three of the ribs, the patellaa, and bones of
the hands and feet are also wanting.

Clavicle, r. 114, I. 112 ; humerus, r. 267, I. 264 ; radius,
I. 213 ; femur, r. 378, I. 384 ; tibia, r. 302, I. 304.

Presented hy Surgeon-Major J. Dougall, M.D., 1878.

1210. The skeleton of a male native of the Andaman Islands,
wanting the skull.

Four ribs, one patella, and many of the bones of the hands
are also missing.

Clavicle, r. 124, I. 116; humerus, r. 294, I. 293; radius,
r. 243, I 238 ; femur, }•. 397, I. 400 ; tibia, r. 335, I 334.
Presented hy Surgeon-Major J. Dougall, M.D., 1878.

1211. The cranium of a native of the Andaman Islands : 6 •

C. 492, L. 171, B. 135, Bi. 789, H. 130, Hi. 760, BN. 95,
BA. 102, Ai. 1074, Nh. 49, Nw. 25, Ni. 510, Ow. 36, Oh. 34,
Oi. 944, Ca. 1360.

Presented by Surgeon-Major J. Dougall, M.D., 1878.

* Approximately, owing to injury to occipital region.

THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS.

227

1212. The skeleton of a female native of the Andaman Islands.

Many of the ribs and most of the bones of the hands and feet
are missing.

ClaYicle, r. 110, I. 107; humerus, r. 279, I. 275; radius,
r. 217, I. 211 ; femur, r. 390, I 393 ; tibia, r. 318, I. 318.

Cranium: C. 468, L. 161, B. 136, Bi. 845, H. 122, Hi. 758,
BN. 88, BA. 86, Ai. 977, Nh. 42, Nw. 22, Ni. 524, Ow. 36,
Oh. 32, Oi. 889, Ca. 1180.

Presented hy Sicrgeon-Major J, Doug all, M.D., 1878.

1213. The skeleton of a female native of the Andaman Islands.

Four of the vertebrae, the left scapula, the right radius, and
most of the bones of the hands and feet are missing.

Clavicle, r. 97 ; humerus, r. 248, I. 245 ; radius, I. 200 ;
femur, r. 359, Z. 360 ; tibia, r. 295, I. 298.

Cranium : C. 455, L. 159, B. 131, Bi. 824, H. 126, Hi. 792,
BN. 91, BA. 92, Ai. 1011, Nh. 43, Nw. 21, Ni. 488, Ow. 34,
Oh. 32, Oi. 941, Ca. 1110.

Presented hy Surgeon-Major J. Dougall, M.D., 1878.

1214, The skeleton of a female native of the Andaman Islands.

Complete, with the exception of a few small bones of the
hands and feet.

Clavicle, r. 102, I. 103; humerus, r. 262, I. 255; radius,
r. 211, I. 208 ; femur, r. 384, I. 380 ; tibia, r. 315, I. 316.

Cranium : C. 456, L. 156, B. 132, Bi. 846, H. 125, Hi. 801,
BN. 88, BA. 95, Ai. 1080, Nh. 43, Nw. 23, Ni. 535, Ow. 35,
Oh. 30, Oi. 857, Ca. 1025.

Presented hy Surgeon-Major J. Dougall, M.D., 1878.

1215. The skeleton of a female native of the Andaman Islands.

The left humerus, the sacrum, eight of the vertebr£e, seven
ribs, and the bones of the hands and feet are missing.

Clavicle, r. 114, I. 114 ; humerus, r. 256 ; radius, r. 214,
I. 210 ; femur, r. 380, I. 381 ; tibia, r. 308, I. 306.

Cranium: C. 454, L. 157, B. 131, Bi. 824, H. 120, Hi. 764,
BN. 86, BA. 92, Ai. 1070, Nh. 42, Nw. 21, Ni. 500, Ow. 34,
Oh. 32, Oi. 941, Ca. 1100.

Presented hy Surgeon-Major J. Dougall, M.D., 1878.

q2

228

MELANESIA.

1216. The skeleton of a female native of the Andaman Islands.

The atlas and axis, right clavicle, one rib, the manubrium
sterni, and most of the bones of the hands and feet are wanting.

Clavicle, I. 97; humerus, r. 244, 1. 242 • radius, r. 198, 1. 197;
femur, r. 358, I. 358 ; tibia, r. 294, I. 295.

Cranium : C. 462, L. 160, B. 135, Bi. 844, H. 126, Hi. 788,
m. 90, BA. 88, Ai. 978, Nh. 42, Nw. 22, Ni. 524, Ow. 35,
Oh. 32, Oi. 914, Ca. 1110.

Presented hy Surgeon-Major J. Dougall, M.D., 1878.

1217. The skeleton of a male native of the Andaman Islands.

Many of the hones are affected by syphilitic necrosis.

Humerus, r. 281 ; radius, r. 234 ; femur, I. 410 ; tibia, I 326.

Cranium : C. 470, L. 166, B. 130, Bi. 783, H. 128, Hi. 771,
BN. 97, BA. 97, Ai. 1000, Nh. 47, Nw. 21, Ni. 447, Ow. 36,
Oh. 33, Oi. 917, Ca. 1170.

Presented hy Major- General H. Man *, 1879.

1218. The skeleton of a female native of the Andaman Islands.

Clavicle, r. 112, I. 116 ; humerus, r. 279, I. 274 ; radius,
r. 217, I. 213 ; femur, r. 393, I. 391 ; tibia, r. 324, I. 322.

Cranium : C. 474, L. 165, B. 134, Bi. 815, H. 124, Hi. 756,
m. 92, BA. 97, Ai. 1054, Nh. 45, Nw. 23, Ni. 511, Ow. 35,
Oh. 33, Oi. 943, Ca. 1210.

Presented hy Major- General H. Man, 1879.

* Presented at the request of J. R. Mummery, Esq.

AFRICA.

229

8, AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA*.
A. African Negroes of unknown Locality.

1219. Tlie articulated skeleton of a male African Negro. 0. C.
5372.

Height 5 feet 1*7 inches=1567.

Clavicle, r. 153, I. 153 ; humerus, r. 312, I. 308 ; radius,
r. 237, I. 237 ; femur, r. 425, I. 428 ; tibia, r. 358, I. 358.

Cranium: C. 512, L. 184, B. 135, Bi. 734, H. 138, Hi. 750,
BN. 100, Nh. 47, Nw. 30, Ni. 638, Ow. 40, Oh. 36, Oi. 900,
Ca. 1290.

Purchased from Mr. George Evans, 1840.

1220. The cranium of an African Negro : J . 0. C. 5362.

There is a large right epipteric or, rather, suprasquamous bone,
C. 493, L. 175, B. 136, Bi. 777, H. 135, Hi. 771, BN. 100,

BA. 104, Ai. 1040, Nh. 47, Nw. 26, Ni. 553, Ow. 39, Oh. 33,

Oi. 846, Ca. 1350.

Hunterian.

1221. The skull of an African Negro : 6. 0. C. 5379.

C. 515, L. 187, B. 134, Bi. 717, H. 128, Hi. 684, BN. 97,
BA. 102, Ai. 1052, Nh. 52, Nw. 27, Ni. 519, Ow. 37, Oh. 34,
Oi. 919, Ca. 1370.

Hunterian.

1222. The cranium of an African Negro : d. 0. C. 5381.

There is a broad lozenge-shaped epactal bone in the supra-
occipital.

C. 500, L. 178, B. 130, Bi. 730, H. 135, Hi. 758, BN. 98,
BA. 99, Ai. 1010, Nh. 47, Nw. 26, Ni. 553, Ow. 38, Oh. 31,
Oi. 816, Ca. 1310.

Hunterian.

1223. The cranium of an African Negro: $. 0. C. 5385 &
5757.

C. 495, L. 177, B. 134, Bi. 757, H. 130, Hi. 734, BN. 94,
BA. 99, Ai. 1053, Nh. 40, Nw. 26, Ni. 650, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 868, Ca. 1280.

Huntenan.

* The region mainly inhabited by fiizzly-haired races, and nearly corre-
sponding with the Ethiopian Region of zoologists.

230

AFRICA.

1224. The skull of a young African Negro. 0. C. 5380.

The basilar suture is open. All the permanent teeth have
been acquired, except the last molars.

C. 478, L. 172, B. 128, Bi. 744, H. 128, Hi. 744, m. 95,
BA. 98, Ai. 1032, Nh. 46, Nw. 23, Ni. 500, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 868.

Hunterian.

1225. The cranium of a young African Negro : ? . 0. C. 5382.

The basilar suture is open, but all the permanent teeth have
been acqxiired.

C. 477, L. 173, B. 124, Bi. 717, H. 127, Hi. 734, BN. 95,
BA. 102, Ai. 1074, Nh. 43, Nw. 24, Ni. 558, Ow. 38, Oh. 30,
Oi. 789.

Pwchased.

1226. The cranium of an African Negro: d". 0. C. 5384 &
5756.

C. 534, L. 195, B. 138, Bi. 708, H. 137, Hi. 703, BN. 105,
BA. 106, Ai. 1010, Nh. 47, Nw. 29, Ni. 617, Ow. 40, Oh. 34,
Oi. 850, Ca. 1550.

Purchased.

1227. The skuU of an African Negro : c?. 0. C. 5363.

There is a large epactal bone in the supraoccipital.

C. 517, L. 186, B. 140, Bi. 753, H. 135, Hi. 726, BN. 99,
BA. 106, Ai. 1071, Nh. 51, Nw. 24, Ni. 471, Ow. 40, Oh. 37,
Oi. 925, Ca. 1325.

Presented by Henry Cline, Esq.

1228. The cranium of an African Negro : d. 0. C. 5376.

It is remarkable for the shortness of the face, breadth of
the nasal aperture, lowness of the orbits, and extreme pro-
gnathism.

C. 522, L. 188, B. 138, Bi. 734, H. 128, Hi. 688, BN. 101,
BA. 116, Ai. 1148, Nh. 39, Nw. 28, Ni. 718, Ow. 39, Oh. 29,
Oi. 744, Ca. 1360.

Purchased.

1229. The cranium of an African Negi'o : d . 0. C. 5377.

C. 528, L. 190, B. 143, Bi. 753, H. 142, Hi. 747, BN. 113,
BA. 118, Ai. 1044, Nh. 45, Nw. 28, Ni. 622, Ow. 45, Oh. 34,
Oi. 756, Ca. 1420.

Presented hy Sir Williom BUzard.

AFRICAN NEGROES OF UNKNOWN LOCALITY.

231

1230. The cranium of an African Negro : $ . 0. C. 5374.

C. 490, L. 178, B, 124, Bi. 697, H. 139, Hi. 781, BN. 99,
BA, 98, Ai. 990, Nh. 45, Nw. 25, Ni. 555, Ow. 37, Oh. 31,
Oi. 838, Ca. 1380.

Purcliased.

1231. The cranium of an African Negro : 6 . 0. C. 5761.

A vertical section has been made through the middle of the
left orbit. See description in 0. C. p. 888.

C. 515, L. 185, B. 135, Bi. 730, H. 140, Hi. 757, BN. 98,
BA. 102, Ai. 1041, m. 49, Nw. 27, Ni. 551, Ow. 39, Oh. 36,
Oi. 923, Ca. 1450.

1232. The skull of an African Negro.

C. 507, L. 183, B. 133, Bi. 727, H. 132, Hi. 721, m. 99,
BA. 105, Ai. 1061, Nh. 49, Nw. 28, Ni. 571, Ow. 38, Oh. 32,
Oi. 842, Ca. 1340.

Presented by John Evans, Esq., 1864.

1233. The skull of an African Negro : ? .

There is a large lozenge-shaped epactal in the supraoccipital.

C. 517, L. 196, B. 126, Bi. 643, H. 134, Hi. 684, BN. 101,
BA. 105, Ai. 1040, Nh. 48, Nw. 26, Ni. 542, Ow. 40, Oh. 32,
Oi. 800, Ca. 1340.

Presented hy John Evans, Esq., 1864.

1234. The cranium of a male Negro slave, who died in the
hospital at Demerara. 0. C. 5366.

C. 545, L. 193, B. 150, Bi. 777, H. l4l. Hi. 731, BN. 100,
BA. 113, Ai. 1130, Nh. 50, Nw. 30, Ni. 600, Ow. 42, Oh. 34,
Oi. 810, Ca. 1525.

Presented hy Sir Robert H. Schomburgk, 1844.

1235. The skull of a female Negro slave, who died in the hospital
at Demerara. 0. C. 5367.

C. 492, L. 176, B. 129, Bi. 733, H. 137, Hi. 778, BN. 108,
BA. Ill, Ai. 1028, Nh. 47, Nw. 28, Ni. 596, Ow. 39, Oh. 35,
Oi. 897, Ca. 1120.

Presented by Sir Robert H. Schomburgk, 1844.

232

AFRICA.

1236. The skull, pelvis, and most of the other bones of the
skeleton of a South-American female Negro slave.

Cranium : C. 505, L. 178, B, 140, Bi. 787, H. 134, Hi. 753,
BN. 100, BA. 100, Ai, 1000, Nh. 51, Nw. 26, Ni. 510, Ow. 36,
Oh. 36, Oi. 1000, Ca. 1360.

Presented by Sir Robert H. Schomburgk.

1237. The cranium of a Negress, said to be eighteen years of
age, born in the island of Jamaica. 0. C. 5365.

Union of the basilar suture is almost complete. The third
molars are in place. There is perfect sagittal synostosis, without
any scaphocephaly or even dolichocephaly.

C. 472, L. 166, B. 132, Bi. 795, H. 124, Hi. 747, BN. 92,
BA. 99, Ai. 1076, Nh. 48, Nw. 23, Ni. 479, Ow. 36, Oh. 34,
Oi. 944, Ca. 1190.

Purchased, 1844.

1238. The articulated skeleton of a Negress, born in the United
States of North America, and about sixteen years of
age.

She is said to have presented all the external characters
indicating purity of race.

The larger epiphyses are not united to the shafts of the long
bones. The basilar suture is open ; and the posterior molars are
not yet in place.

Height of skeleton 4 feet 11*8 inches =1520.

Clavicle 120 ; humerus, r. 308, I. 305 ; radius, I. 226 ; femur,
r. 447, I. 449 ; tibia, r. 368, I. 3.67.

Cranium: C. 497, L. 175, B. 142, Bi. 811, H. 129, Hi. 737,
m. 89, BA. 93, Ai. 1045, Nh. 43, Nw. 22, Ni. 512, Ow. 36,
Oh. 33, Oi. 917, Ca. 1430.
Presented by Professor L. J. Sanford, of Yale College, 1867.

1239. The skull of a male Negro slave from a plantation in the
State of Mississippi.

The last molars have been acquired.

C. 513, L. 181, B. 138, Bi. 762, H. 127, Hi. 702, BN. 101,

WEST COAST OF AFRICA.

233

BA. 108, Ai. 1069, Nh. 51, Nw. 30, Ni. 588, Ow. 41, Oh. 40,
Oi. 976.

Purchased, 1860*.

1240. The skull of a female Negro slave from Arkansas State.

" Taken from a burial-ground on the west bank of the Missis-
sippi, opposite President's Island, six miles from Memphis."

C. 497, L. 177, B. 137, Bi. 774, H. 125, Hi. 706, m. 94.
BA. 97, Ai. 1032, Nh. 44, Nw. 24, Ni. 545, Ow. 41, Oh. 35,
Oi. 854, Ca. 1290.

Purchased, 1860.

1241. The pelvis of a male Negro.

From the man whose skuU is No. 146.

Prepared in 1870.

B. West Coast of Africa.

1242. The skull of a male Negro, a native of Brava, one of the
Cape-Verd Islands.

He was a powerful man, 6 feet 4 inches (193 cm.) high, and
had been a harpooner in a South-Sea whaler. He died in the
Seamen's Hospital, Greenwich, about 1835.

C. 530, L. 189, B. 144, Bi. 762, H. 136, Hi. 720, BN. 108,
BA. 118, Ai. 1093, Nh. 54, Nw. 29, Ni. 537, Ow. 44, Oh. 37,
Oi. 840, Ca. 1475.

Presented hy George Bush, Esq., 1875.

1243. The skull of a West-African Negro : c?.

There is a small conical supernumerary tooth between the
upper right lateral incisor and canine.

C. 542, L. 197, B. 144, Bi. 731, H, 145, Hi. 736, BN. 102,
BA. 110, Ai. 1078, Nh. 49, Nw. 28, Ni. 571, Ow. 39, Oh. 32,
Oi. 820, Ca. 1590.

In Museum before 1862.

* From Mr. George Russell, with the American skulls Nos. 863 to 874.

234

AFRICA.

1244. The skull of a West-African Negro : cf .

C. 520, L. 188, B. 133, Bi. 707, H. 137, Hi. 729, BN. 101,
BA. 105, Ai. 1040, m. 47, Nw. 27, Ni. 574, Ow. 40, Oh. 33,
Oi. 825, Ca. 1400.

In Museum before 1862.

1245. The skull of a male African from the West Coast.

From a man who died in the Seamen's Hospital, Greenwich.

C. 466, L. 168, B. 126, Bi. 750, H. 130, Hi. 774, BN. 102,
BA. 114, Ai. 1117, m. 51, Nw. 27, M. 529, Ow. 38, Oh. 31,
Oi. 816, Ca. 1110.

Presented by George Busk, Esq., 1864.

1246. The cranium of a Krooman.

C. 516, L. 189, B. 130, Bi. 688, H. 141, Hi. 746, BN. 110,
BA. 115, Ai. 1045, Nh. 48, Nw. 27, M. 563, Ow. 41, Oh. 33,
Oi. 805, Ca. 1350.

Purchased, 1858.

1247. The cranium of a Krooman.

C. 532, L. 188, B. 141, Bi. 750, H. 141, Hi. 750, BN. 107,
BA. Ill, Ai. 1037, Nh. 50, Nw. 31, Ni. 620, Ow. 42, Oh. 36,
Oi. 857, Ca. 1580.

Purchased, 1858.

1248. The skull of a Negro from the Gold Coast: 0. C.
5364.

C. 522, L. 183, B. 145, Bi. 792, H. 144, Hi. 787, BN. 99,
BA. 96, Ai. 970, Nh. 53, Nw. 29, Ni. 547, Ow. 41, Oh, 35,
Oi. 854, Ca. 1610.

Hunterian.

1249. The articulated skeleton of a male Negro from the Gold
Coast.

Thus described by the donor : — " Abookee, a donkoh (or
slave) ; complexion very black. Had three perpendicular cuts
on each cheek *. Was a native of a tract lying to the north of

* " A correct description of the pattern of the cuts and tattooing enables
one to distinguish the particular tribe to which the slaves belong." — J. R. T.

WEST COAST OF AFRICA.

235

Ashantee. Spoke tho Moreo language. Was of unmixed Negro
blood, having been brought from Coomassie in 1806 by Mr. W. C.
Fynn."

The right squamosal joins the frontal.
Height 5 feet 0-5 inch = 1536.

Clavicle 132; humerus, r. 304, I. 305; radius, r. 246,
I. 243; femur, r. 445, I. 443; tibia, r. 356, I. 353.

Cranium : C. 482, L. 174, B. 135, Bi. 776, H. 133, Hi. 764,
BN. 97, BA. 95, Ai. 979, Nh. 43, Nw. 26, Ni. 605, Ow. 38,
Oh. 33, Oi. 868, Ca. 1215.

Presented hy Staff-Surgeon J. R. Thomas and

Professor Huxley, 1868.

1250. The articulated skeleton of a young female Negro from
the Gold Coast.

" Abinamah, a pure-blooded Negress, brought from Coomassie
at the same time as Abookee. A native of the Ingreezi country,
lying to the N.W. of Ashantee. Had two cuts, forming a < ,
on each cheek, the cuts meeting on the cheek, and diverging
forwards to enclose the corners of the mouth. She had
menstruated but once, a few days before her death. Probable
age fourteen or fifteen."

The sternum and many of the bones of the hands and feet are
wanting.

The basilar suture is open ; the last molars are not in place ;
and the epiphyses of most of the long bones are not united to
the shafts. The pelvis is very infantile in form, not presenting
the distinguishing characters of the female sex. The squamosal
joins the frontal on the left side.

Height 4 feet 9-6 inches = 1463.

Clavicle 112 ; humerus, r. 298, Z. 291 ; radius 240 (approxi-
mately) ; femur, r. 428, I. 425 ; tibia, r. 372, I. 373.

Cranium : C. 469, L. 172, B. 122, Bi. 709, H. 126, Hi. 733,
BN. 94, BA. 100, Ai. 1064, Nh. 41, Nw. 26, Ni. 634, Ow. 35,
Oh. 30, Oi. 857, Ca. 1200.

Presented hy Staff-Surgeon J. R. Thomas and

Professor Huxley, 1868.

1251. The cranium of a Negro from Ashantee : 6 . 0. C. 5378.

The squamosals unite with the frontal for the space of half
an inch on both sides.

236 AFRICA.

C. 485, L. 176, B. 127, Bi. 722, H. 137, Hi. 778, BN. 101,
BA. 101, Ai. 1000, Nh. 48, Nw. 27, Ni. 563, Ow. 40, Oh. 30,
Oi. 750, Ca. 1300.

Presented by Robert Morrison, Esq., Surgeon R.N*

1252. The cranium of a male Ashantee Negro.

Obtained at Amoafiil, February 1874, durijig the Ash an tee
war, by Lieut. "Wyatt Rawson, R.N.

C. 492, L. 179, B. 124, Bi. 693, H. 140, Hi. 782, BN. 100,
BA. 106, Ai. 1060, Nh. 47, Nw. 27, Ni. 574, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi. 865, Ca. 1480.

Presented by Captain H. W. Feilden, R.A., 1877.

1253. The cranium of an Ashantee chief.

During the Ashantee war of 1873-74, a party of natives
carrying the dead body of a chief were surprised by the English,
and ran away, leaving the body on the ground. The head was
secured by the donor.

AU the molar and premolar teeth have been lost during life,
and the calvarial sutures are completely obliterated.

C. 510, L. 185, B. 129, Bi. 751, H. 139, Hi. 751, BN. 103,
BA. 102, Ai. 990, Nh. 50, Nw. 30, Ni. 600, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1380.

Presented by Captain Mark S. Bell, R.E., V.C., 1877.

1254. The cranium of a Negro child.

Brought from Fernando Po by Sir Joseph Hooker.
The milk-teeth are in place. The basi- and exoccipitals are
wanting.

C. 448, L. 159, B. 121, Bi, 761, Nh. 29, Nw. 20, Ni. 690^
Ow. 33, Oh. 30, Oi. 909.

Presented by Professor Huxley, 1879.

1255. The skull of a Negro from Novo Redondo, south of
Angola: S.

Brought home by Mr. J. J. Monteiro, Jun.

• This gentleman accompanied Captain Clapperton in his expedition to
Timbuctoo in 1825, and with him feU a victim to the climate and fatigues of
the journey.

THE SOUDAN AND CENTRAL AFRICA. — EASTERN AFRICA. 237

C. 520, L. 187, B. 134, Bi. 717, H. 144, Hi. 770, BN. 104,
BA. 107, Ai. 1029, Nh. 50, Nw. 27, N"i. 540, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1510.

Presented hy Professor Huxley, 1864.

1256. The cranium of a Negro of the Mondombe tribe.

A tribe inhabiting the country between Benguela and Mossa-
medes (Little Pish Bay), from 12° to 16° S. lat.

Brought home by Mr, J. J. Monteiro, Jun.

C. 510, L. 180, B. 133, Bi. 739, H. 122, Hi. 678, BN. 91,
Nh. 50, Nw. 26, Ni. 520, Ow. 38, Oh. 34, Oi. 895, Ca. 1235.

Presented hy Professor Huxley, 1864.

C. The Soudan and Central Africa.

1257. A cranium (wanting the occipital bone) of a Negro of the
Bari tribe.

Obtained by Lieut. Chippendale, E.E., of Colonel Gordon's
Nile expedition, near Ragaff.

The basilar suture is not united ; but aU the permanent teeth
have been acquired.

Nh. 44, Nw. 26, Ni. 591, Ow. 38, Oh. 33, Oi. 868.

Presented hy Colonel J. A. Grant, C.B., 1876.

D. Eastern Africa.

The twenty following specimens were obtained at Quiloa by
Captains Burton and Speke. They belonged to slaves of various
tribes of the interior, w^ho died from an epidemic of cholera,
while waiting exportation. The first six are skulls of adult,
persons, the basilar suture being closed and all the permanent
teeth having come into place. The remainder are immature.

1258. The cranium of a Negro from Quiloa: 6.

C. 522, L. 189, B. 133, Bi. 704, H. 132, Hi. 698, BN. 109,
Nh. 48, Nw. 25, Ni. 521, Ow. 40, Oh. 34, Oi. 850, Ca. 1340.
Presented hy the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

238

AFRICA.

1259. The cranium of a Negro from Quiloa : d?

C. 515, L. 186, B. 135, Bi. 726, H. 130, Hi. 699, BN. 102,
BA. 109, Ai. 1069, Nh. 51, Nw. 27, Ni. 529, Ow. 40, Oh. 36,
Oi. 900, Ca. 1300.

Presented by the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

1260. The cranium of a Negro from Quiloa : $ .

C. 492, L. 174, B. 135, Bi. 776, H. 133, Hi. 764, BN. 106,
BA. 105, Ai. 991, Nh. 45, Nw. 27, Ni. 600, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 868, Ca. 1325.

Presented by the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

1261. The cranium of a Negro from Quiloa : <S .

C. 515, L. 186, B. 139, Bi. 747, H. 128, Hi. 688, BN. 103,
BA. 102, Ai. 990, Nh. 49, Nw. 27, Ni. 551, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 868, Ca. 1325.

Presented by the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

1262. The cranium of a Negro from Quiloa : c?.

C. 488, L. 176, B. 127, Bi. 722, H. 129, Hi. 733, BN. 100,
BA. 105, Ai. 1050, Nh. 48, Nw. 26, Ni. 542, Ow. 35, ^Oh. 33,
Oi. 943, Ca. 1190.

Presented by the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

1263. The cranium of a Negro from Quiloa: $ .

There is complete synostosis of the sagittal suture, though the
molar teeth are unworn.

C. 490, L. 178, B. 125, Bi. 702, H. 125, Hi. 702, BN. 98,
BA. 106, Ai. 1082, Nh. 46, Nw. 27, Ni. 587, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1120.
Presented by the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

In all the remaining skulls of this series the hasUar suture is still
open.

In the four following the third molar is quite or very nearly in
place.

EASTERN AFIUCA.

239

1264. The cranium of a young Negro from Quiloa,

C. 498, L. 183, B. 127, JBi. 694, H. 129, Hi. 705, BN. 105,
BA. 109, Ai. 1038, Nh. 43, Nw. 30, Ni. 698, Ow. 37, Oh. 28,
Oi. 757.

Presented by the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

1265. The cranium of a young Negro from Quiloa.

C. 513, L. 184, B. 135, Bi. 734, H. 125, Hi. 679, BN. 96,
Nh. 47, Nw. 25, Ni. 532, 0\v. 38, Oh. 37, Oi. 974.

Presented by the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

1266. The cranium of a young Negro from Quiloa.

C. 517, L. 184, B. 139, Bi. 755, H. 143, Hi. 777, BN. 95,
BA. 98, Ai. 1032, Nh. 47, Nw. 27, Ni. 574, Ow. 36, Oh. 36,
Oi. 1000.

Presented by the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

1267. The cranium of a young Negro from Quiloa.

C. 488, L. 175, B. 125, Bi. 714, H. 130, Hi. 743, BN. 93,
BA. 96, Ai. 1032, Nh. 44, Nw. 23, Ni. 523, Ow. 36, Oh. 34,
Oi. 944.

Presented by the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

In the four following specimens aU the milk-teeth have been shed,
the second permanent molar is in place, but the third is still concealed
in the alveolus.

1268. The cranium of a young Negro from Quiloa.

C. 492, L. 178, B. 127, Bi. 713, H. 125, Hi. 702, BN. 90,
BA. 95, Ai. 1056, Nh. 45, Nw. 23, Ni. 511, Ow. 34, Oh. 33,
Oi. 971.

Presented by the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

1269. The cranium of a young Negro from Quiloa.

C. 498, L. 181, B. 130, Bi. 718, H. 128, Hi. 707, BN. 92,
BA. 98, Ai. 1065, Nh. 44, Nw. 23, Ni. 523, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872.

Presented by the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

240

AFRICA.

1270. The cranium of a young Negro from Quiloa.

C. 497, L. 180, B. 130, Bi. 722, H. 134, Hi. 744, BN. 93,
BA. 96, Ai. 1032, Nh, 42, Nw. 26, Ni. 619, Ow. 37, Oh. 30,
Oi. 811.

Presented hy the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

1271. The cranium of a young Negro from Quiloa.

C. 473, L. 175, B. 125, Bi. 714, H. 133, Hi. 760, BN. 96,
BA. 99, Ai. 1031, Nh. 41, Nw. 25, Ni. 610, Ow. 35, Oh. 33,
Oi. 943.

Presented hy the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

In the three following the second milk-molars are retained, and the
second permanent molars are coming into place.

1272. The cranium of a Negro child from Quiloa.

C. 495, L. 183, B. 132, Bi. 721, H. 130, Hi. 710, BN. 91,
BA. 93, Ai. 1022, Nh. 42, Nw. 26, Ni. 619, Ow. 36, Oh. 33,
Oi. 917.

Presented hy the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

1 273. The cranium of a Negro child from Quiloa.

C. 491, L. 175, B. 132, Bi. 754, H. 130, Hi. 743, BN. 94,
BA. 97, Ai. 1032, Nh. 46, Nw. 27, Ni. 587, Ow. 37, Oh. 34.
Oi. 919.

Presented hy the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

1274. The cranium of a Negro child from Quiloa.

C. 500, L. 185, B. 130, Bi. 703, H. 126, Hi. 681, BN. 92,
BA. 95, Ai. 1033, Nh. 41, Nw. 23, Ni. 561, Ow. 36, Oh. 32,
Oi. 889.

Presented hy the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

In the three following both the milk-molars and the first permanent
molars are in place.

1275. The cranium of a Negro child from Quiloa.

C. 481, L. 175, B. 130, Bi. 743, H. 129, Hi. 737, BN. 86,

EASTERN AFRICA. 241

BA. 87, Ai. 1012, Nh. 37, Nw. 23, Ni. 622, Ow. 35, Oh. 31,
Oi. 886.

Presented hy the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

1276. Tlie cranium of a Negro child from Quiloa.

There is synostosis of the posterior two thirds of the sagittal
suture.

C. 470, L. 173, B. 119, Bi. 688, H. 119, Hi. 688, BN. 88,
BA. 87, Ai. 978, Nh. 41, Nw. 25, Ni. 610, Ow. 35, Oh. 33,
Oi. 886.

Presented hy the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

1277. The cranium of a Negro child from Quiloa.

C. 470, L. 173, B. 123, Bi. 711, H. 118, Hi. 682, BN. 86,
BA. 87, Ai. 1012, Nh. 34, Nw. 20, Ni. 588, Ow. 34, Oh. 27,
Oi. 794.

Presented hy the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859.

The five following specimens were collected near the river
Shire, in 1863, by Dr. Kirk, attached to Livingstone's second
expedition.

In all which retain the incisors, these teeth are deeply notched
with a file in the middle of the cutting-edge.

1278. The skull of a Manganja Negro : 6 .

Metopic.

C. 5] 2, L. 183, B. 134, Bi. 732, H. 129, Hi. 705, BN. 97,
Nh. 45, Nw. 26, Ni. 578, Ow. 37, Oh. 31, Oi. 838, Ca. 1280.

Presented hy Dr, John Kirk, 1864.

1279. The skull of a Manganja Negro.

C. 502, L. 182, B. 131, Bi. 720, H. 134, Hi. 736, BN. 100,
Nh, 47, Nw. 27, Ni. 574, Ow. 39, Oh. 34, Oi. 872, Ca. 1235.

Presented hy Dr. John Kirk, 1864.

1280. The skull of a Manganja Negro.

C. 485, L. 176, B. 125, Bi. 710, H. 132, Hi. 750, BN. 99,
Nh. 47, Nw. 26, Ni. 553, Ow. 37, Oh. 32, Oi. 865, Ca. 1210.

Presented, hy Dr. John Kv-h, 1864.

R

242

AFRICA.

1281. The skull of a Manganja Negro.

The riglit squamosal meets the frontal.

C. 482, L. 177, B. 122, Bi. 689, H. 124, Hi. 701 , BN. 97,
BA. 102, Ai. 1052, Nh. 42, Nw. 24, Ni. 571, Ow. 3G, Oh. 30,
Oi. 833, Ca. 1180.

Presented hy Dr. John Kirk, 1864.

1282. The skull of a young Maganja Negro.

The basilar suture is open. The third molars are not in
place. The second upper milk-molar is retained.

C. 478, L. 173, B. 128, Bi. 740, H. 128, Hi. 740, BN. 96,
BA. 104, Ai. 1083, Nh. 43, Nw. 23, Ni. 635, Ow. 37, Oh. 33,
Oi. 892, Ca. 1260.

Presented hy Dr. John Kirk, 1864.

E. South Africa.

1283. The skull of a Zulu : d •

Obtained from a native battle-field by Major Blair, who pre-
sented it to the donor.

On the left side the squamosal reaches to the frontal ; on the
right an epipteric bone is interposed.

C. 514, L. 181, B. 139, Bi. 768, H. 145, Hi. 801, BN. 101,
BA. 96, Ai. 950, Nh. 46, Nw. 26, Ni. 565, Ow. 39, Oh. 34,
Oi. 872, Ca. 1480.

Presented hy George Busk, Esq., 1868.

1284. The cranium of a Zulu : c? .

This and the following specimen were obtained in Natal by
Dr. Prank, Assistant-Surgeon H.M. Army, and by him in'esented
to the donor.

C. 520, L. 190, B. 132, Bi. 695, H. 139, Hi. 732, BN. 102,
BA. 107, Ai. 1049, Nh. 49, Nw. 26, Ni. 531, Ow. 38, Oh. 30,
Oi. 789, Ca. 1430.

Presented hy T. Spencer Wells, Esq., 1865.

1285. The cranium of a Zulu : 5 .

There is complete synostosis of the sagittal and of the spheno-
frontal sutures.

SOUTH AFRICA.

243

C. 496, L. 176, B. 132, Bi. 750, H. 133, Hi. 756, BN. 96,
BA. 100, Ai. 1042, Nh. 48, Nw. 26, Ni. 542, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi. 865, Ca. 1240.

Presented by T. Spencer Wells, Esq., 18G5.

1286. The skull of a female Kaffir, of the Amabaca tribe, from
Natal.

"Her ago was about twenty. She was rather below the
average height (being about five feet), of excollont character,
and giving great promise of steady perseverance as a useful
domestic servant."

C. 495, L. 178, B. 129, Bi. 725, H. 134, Hi. 753, BN. 99,
BA. 97, Ai. 980, Nh. 48, Kw. 27, Ni. 563, Ow. 38, Oh. 33,
Oi. 868, Ca. 1300.

Presented by Dr. P. C. Sutherland, Surveyor- General

of Natal, 1879.

1287. The cranium of a male Kaffir. 0. C. 5360.

An unusually heavy cranium. The squamosal joins the
frontal on both sides.

C. 538, L. 192, B. 139, Bi. 724, H. 139, Hi. 724, m. 107,
BA. 114, Ai. 1065, Nh. 50, Nw. 31, Ni. 620, Ow. 40, Oh. 33,
Oi. 825, Ca. 1550.

Presented by Benjamin Travers, Esq., jun., 1849.

1288. Tlie skull of a Kaffir. 0. C. 5361.

C. 510, L. 183, B. 137, Bi. 749, H. 132, Hi. 721, BN. 98,
BA. 102, Ai. 1041, Nh. 48, Nw. 27, Ni. 563, Ow. 38, Oh. 36,
Oi. 947, Ca. 1240.
From the Collection of J. F. South, Esq. Purchased, 1835.

1289. The cranium of a young Kaffir.

" Taken from a native burial-ground by a medical officer
attached to the British Army during the Kaffir war."

All the permanent teeth have been acquired ; but the basilar
suture is still open.

C. 484, L. 173, B. 132, Bi. 763, H. 129, Hi. 746, BN. 99,
BA. 99, Ai. 1000, Nh. 45, Nw. 27, Ni. 600, Ow. 38, Oh. 32,
Oi. 842, Ca. 1225.

Presented by Frank T. Buckland, Esq., 1862.

244

AFRICA.

1290. The skull of a Kaffir : <5 -

From a " head mau," or chief, shot by a party of the Rifle
Brigade at Mount Coke, British Kaflfraria, during the war in
May 1847. Prepared on the spot by the donor.

C. 507, L. 181, B. 137, Bi. 757, H. 143, Hi. 790, BN. 110,
BA. 107, Ai. 973, Nh. 51, Nw. 26, Ni. 510, Ow. 39, Oh. 33,
Oi. 846, Ca. 1400.

Presented by W. T. Blach, Esq., Staff-Surgeon

H.M. Army, 1866.

1291. The skull of a Kaffir : 6 •

Inscribed " Kaffir ; Amaxosa ; tribe Ngika. Male. Cradock,
South Africa ; May 1865. G. G."

There are still traces of the basilar suture ; and the last molar
teeth have been but recently acquired.

C. 520, L. 188, B. 138, Bi. 734, H. 134, Hi. 713, BN. 99,
BA. 101, Ai. 1020, Nh. 46, Nw. 26, Ni. 565, Ow. 39, Oh. 36,
Oi. 9'"23, Ca. 1525.

Presented by Professor Huxley, 1866.

1292. The skull of a Kaffir : 6.

Inscribed " Kaffir ; Basuto; tribe Moshesh. Male. Cradock,
South Africa ; May 1865. G. G."

It is metopic ; but the posterior part of the sagittal suture is
consolidated. The first right upper premolar is displaced
inwards, the canine and second premolar coming in contact.

C. 528, L. 191, B. 136, Bi. 712, H. 139, Hi. 728, BN. 104,
BA. 105, Ai. 1010, Nh. 51, Nw. 30, Ni. 588, Ow. 38, Oh. 35,
Oi. 921, Ca. 1610.

Presented by Professor Huxley, 1866.

1293. The skull of a male Kaffir.

This specimen was obtained by the donor whUe District
Surgeon at Middleburg, South Africa, from a man who was
killed by lightning while watching sheep near that place.

C. 513, L. 186, B. 133, Bi. 715, H. 130, Hi. 699, BN. 104,
BA. 102, Ai. 981, Nh. 48, Nw. 24, Ni. 500, Ow. 38, Oh. 34,
Oi. 895, Ca. 1400.

Presented by James E. Coward, Esq., 1878.

1294. The skull of a Kaffir : $ .

The basilar suture has but recently united.

KOUXn AFRICA.

245

C. 500, L. 180, B. 128, Bi. 711, H. 132, Hi. 733, BN. 102,
BA. 105, Ai. 1029, Nh. 48, Nw. 20, Ni. 542, Ow. 39, Oh 34
Oi. 872, Ca. 1280.

1295. The mutilated cranium of a South-African of the Baguani

(Bechuana ?) tribe. 0. C. 5375.

The left side of the coronal suture is obliterated.

C. 530, L. 196, B. 134, Bi. 684, H. 132, Hi. 673, Ca. 1430.

Purchased from Mr. E. Pearson, 1846.

1296. The skull of a Hottentot : 6 .

Obtained and prepared by the donor when stationed at
"Whittlesea, North Yictoria, Cape of Good Hope. It belonged
to a rebel killed in the siege and capture of Shiloh from the
Hottentots, February 1851, by the British forces under Major
Tylden, R.E.

C. 507, L. 185, B. 130, Bi. 703, H. 138, Hi. 746, BN. 107,
BA. 112, Ai. 1047, Nh. 44, Nw. 27, Ni. 614, Ow. 43, Oh. 31,
Oi. 721, Ca. 1400.

Presented hy W. T. Black, Esq., Staff-Surgeon

H.M. Armtj, 1866.

1297. A remarkably malformed skull of a male Hottentot.

From a man, about 45 years of age, who died of a cancerous
tumour (which has destroyed a considerable part of the base of
the cranium) at Middleburg, South Africa, under the care of the
donor, who says : — " For a Hottentot he was very intelligent,
and had learned the trade of a carpenter and earned his living
by it from his youth ; he conversed as well as any of his caste,
and had his reasoning faculties fairly developed."

The frontal region is as much depressed as in any of the
artificially deformed Peruvian skulls (compare Nos. 999 and
1000) ; but there is no evidence of counter-pressure on the
occiput. The complete consolidation of the sutures, and the
extent to which the teeth are worn, seem to indicate a greater
age than that assigned to the man during life.

C. 492, L. 178, B. 130, Bi. 730, Nh. 49, Nw. 26, Ni. 531,
Ow. 38, Oh. 34, Oi. 895, Ca. 1360.

Presented by James E. Coward, Esq., 1878.

246

AFRICA.

1298. The cranium of a Hottentot : $ . 0. C. 5359.

C. 502, L. 180, B. 135, Bi. 750, H. 130, Hi. 722, BN. 97,
BA. 90, Ai. 928, Nh. 45, Nw. 26, Ni. 578, Ow. 39, Oh. 32,
Oi. 820, Ca. 1380.

Purchased.

1299. The cranium of a Koranna : c5"-

Sent from the Cape of Good Hopo to the donor by the Bev.
G. WiUiams.

C. 582, L. 193, B. 140, Bi. 725, H. 134, Hi. 694, BN. 98,
BA. 104, Ai. 1061, Nh. 48, Nw. 27, Ni. 563, Ow. 37, Oh. 32,
Oi. 865, Ca. 1490.

Presented by Sir John Lubbock, Part., 1874.

1300. The articulated skeleton of an adult male Bushman. 0. C.
5357.

Most of the teeth have been lost during life ; and the calvarial
sutures are partly united.

Height 4 feet 4-5 inches=1333.

Clavicle 131 ; humerus, r. 255, I. 250 ; radius, r. 208, I. 207 ;
femui', r. 356, I. 363 ; tibia, r. 299, I. 302.

Cranium : C. 500, L. 175, B. 134, Bi. 766, H. 128, Hi. 731,
m. 91, m. 46, Nw. 29, M. 630, Ow. 38, Oh. 29, Oi. 763,
Ca. 1260.

Presented by Henry PicJcersteth, Esq., Surgeon to the
Somerset Hospital, Capetoion, 1849.

1301. The articulated skeleton of a young female Bushman.

The larger epiphyses are not united to the shafts of the long
bones. The basilar suture has recently closed. Tho third
molars are not yet in place. The skull is metopic, and has a
large median Wormian bone in the hinder part of the sagittal
suture.

Height 4 feet 7-2 inches = 1400.

Clavicle 116 ; humerus, r. 270, 1. 263 ; radius, r. 210, 1 208 ;
femur, r. 380, I. 380 ; tibia, r. 332, I. 331.

Cranium: C. 486, L. 171, B. 134, Bi. 784, H. 124, Hi. 725,
BN. 91, BA. 90, Ai. 989, Nh. 44, Nw. 24, Ni. 545, Ow. 37,
Oh. 32, Oi. 865, Ca. 1250.

Presented by Henry Bichersteth, Esq., 1850.

SOUTH AFRICA.

247

1302. The skeleton of a female of the Bushman race, about 22
years of age.

She died in Loudon, Juno IGth, 1864, and was dissected at
the College. A description and drawing of her and her brother
(called " Earthmen, from Orange-Eiver Settlement") were
given in the ' Illustrated London News ' for November 0th,
1852 ; and an account of the dissection, by W. H. Flower and
J. Murie, M.D., in 'The Journal of Anatomy' for May 18G7.
Most of the bones are mounted in the " separate series of homo-
logous bones."

The basilar suture is united ; and the third molars (except the
right upper) are in place.

Clavicle, r. 121, I. 120; humerus, r. 257, I. 247; radius,
r. 186, I. 185 ; femur, r. 376, I. 378 ; tibia, r. 288, Z. 288.

Cranium : C. 477, L. 170, B. 130, Bi. 765, H. 125, Hi. 735,
m. 90, BA. 87, Ai. 967, Nh. 44, Nw. 27, Ni. 614, Ow. 38,
Oh. 31, Oi. 816, Ca. 1170.

1303. The skull of a Bushman : S •

Eeceived from the Cape of Good Hope, with the skin and
hair (which presented all the characteristics of the race) still
upon it.

Many of the teeth have been lost during life; and the
remainder have been worn down to the roots.

C. 522, L. 185, B. 140, Bi. 757, H. 134, Hi. 724, BN. 103,
Nh. 48, Nw. 29, M. 604, Ow. 40, Oh. 30, Oi. 750, Ca. 1400.

Presented hy Christopher Heath, Esq., 1867.

1304. The skull of a young female Bushman. 0. C. 5358.

There is complete synostosis of the sagittal suture, though
the basilar suture is not united, and the third molars are not in
place.

C. 503, L. 180, B. 137, Bi. 761, H. 125, Hi. 694, BN. 92,
BA. 90, Ai. 978, Nh. 43, Nw. 25, Ni. 581, Ow. 34, Oh. 30,
Oi. 882, Ca. 1360.

Presented hy Henry Bickersteth, Esq.

1305. A calvaria, probably that of a Bushman : 2 •

Sent from the Cape of Good Hope, with flint implements, to
Sir John Lubbock, 1870.

C. 480, L. 171, B. 132, Bi. 772, H. 119, Hi. 690, Ca. 1075.

Presented hy George Busk, Esq., 1878.

248

AFRICA.

F. Madagascar.

1306. A cranium from Majambo Bay, N.W. coast of Madagascar.
0. 0. 5368.

C. 524, L. 186, B. 141, Bi. 758, H. 127, Hi. 683, BN. 95,
BA. 102, Ai. 1074, Nh. 49, Nw. 27, Ni. 551, Ow. 40, Oh. 33,
Oi. 825, Ca. 1460.
Presented by Admiral Sir Edioard Belcher, K.C.B., 1843.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS.

249

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS RECEIVED WHILE THE
CATALOGUE WAS PASSING THROUGH THE
PRESS.

Indo-Malayan Archipelago.

732 a. a skull from a cave, formerly the resort of Malay pirates,
at Sine, south coast of Java : d .

Pound with many others, February 17th, 1878, by Baron A.
von Hiigel.

C. 498, L. 172, B. 139, Bi. 808, H. 135, Hi. 785, BN. 100,
BA. 102, Ai, 1020, Nh. 50, Nw. 27, Ni. 540, Ow. 40, Oh. 36,
01. 900, Ca. 1370.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

732 B. A mutilated cranium from the same cave : d .

Prom Baron A. von Hiigel's collection.

C. 501, L. 171, B. 148, Bi. 865, H. 142, Hi. 830, Ca. 1500.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

Polynesia.

749 A. The skull of a Gilbert Islander : 6 .

Obtained in Piji by Baron A. von Hiigel.

C. 508, L. 182, B. 133, Bi. 731, H. 133, Hi. 731, BN. Ill,
BA. Ill, Ai. 1000, Nh. 57, Nw. 25, Fi. 438, Ow. 40, Oh. 37,
Oi. 925, Ca. 1400.

Presented hy Erasmtis Wilson, Esq., 1879.

749 B. The skull of a Gilbert Islander : d .

Obtained in Piji by Baron A. von Hiigel.

C. 517, L. 183, B. 140, Bi. 765, H. 147, Hi. 803, BN. 110,
BA. 106, Ai. 964, Nh. 56, Nw. 26, Ni. 464, Ow. 41, Oh. 37,
Oi, 902, Ca. 1580.

Presented hy Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879.

749 c. The skull of a Gilbert Islander from Arorae]:"^ S .

Obtained in Piji by Baron A. von Hiigel. Prom an aged
person who had lost nearly aU the teeth during life.

C. 508, L. 180, B. 137, Bi. 761, H. 134, Hi. 744, BN. 102,
Nh. 55, Nw. 27, Ni. 491, Ow. 42, Oh. 37, Oi. 881, Ca. 1460.

Presented by Erasmus Wilson, Esq., 1879,

s

250

ON THE CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS

ON THE CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS AS
CHARACTERISTIC OF RACE.

The various groups of Mankind — owing to their probable
unity of origin, the great variability of individuals, and the
possibility of all degrees of intermixture of races at remote
or recent periods of the history of the species — ^have so much in
common that it is extremely difficult to find distinctive cha-
racters, capable of strict definition, by which they may be
differentiated.

It is more by the preponderance of certain characters in a
large number of members of a group, than by the exclusive
or even constant possession of these characters in each of its
members, that the group as a whole must be characterized.
Hence, in aU cases in Avhich distinctions can be expressed by
the numerical method, the great value of averages. Provided
that the data upon which these averages are based shall have been
obtained from a sufficient number of individuals, they can be
absolutely relied upon to express the prevailing or most cha-
racteristic development of each particular feature in any group,
and permit satisfactory comparisons between the condition of
that feature in different groups.

For this purpose the more important measurements given in
this Catalogue have been collected, reduced to averages in each
group, and tabulated (see pp. 254, 255). Although these Tables
are very imperfect, owing to many of the groups being
unfortunately at present but poorly represented, it is thought
that the conclusions derived from a collection of such magnitude
must be of some interest as a contribution to our knowledge of
the physical characters of man, especially when compared M'ith
and corrected by similar tables based on other collections.

In the averages of the different groups, only adult skulls
(those in which the basilar suture has been consolidated) have
been taken, and all measurements which may have been affected
either by artificial or pathological deformation have been re-
jected. Both sexes are included in the indices, as the numbers

AS CHARACTERISTIC OF RACE.

251

are generally not sufficient to allow of separation, and the sexual
differences (except perhaps in the case of the orbital index) ai-e
usually very inconsiderable. For the cranial capacities, however,
the skulls of males only have been used. By doing so the number
available for the averages has certainly been diminished ; but this
is a less disadvantage than the vitiation of the comparison which
would be occasioned by a niixtui-e of the two sexes in unequal
proportions in different groups.

The number of individual measurements upon which each
average is based is placed below it in smaller figures within
brackets, as thereby some estimate may be formed of the relative
value of the conclusion. When the number is high the average
is more to be relied on than when it is low.

The characters derived from measurements are conveniently
expressed in a nomenclature due in great part to Broca, and
founded on the principal that a certain general or medium con-
formation can be assumed in each case. Those indices which come
near to this constitute one group ; those removed in either direc-
tion form other groups ; so that in each case a threefold division
results. For some purposes it may be convenient to multiply
the divisions still further, as is done by Broca in the case of the
important latitudinal or cephalic index ; but for ordinarj'- use the
division into three is most convenient.

The indices of breadth (latitudinal or cephalic indices) are* : —

Dolichocephalic below 750

Mesaticephalic ... . . 750 to 800
Br achy cephalic above 800

The index of height is not usually divided into special groups,
as its chief interest lies in its relation to the breadth index, espe-

* Broca's division is : —

1. True dolichocephalic below 750

2. Sub-dolichocephalic 750 to 778

3. Mesaticephalic 778 to 800

4. Sub-brachycephalic 800 to 833

5. True bracliycephalic above 833

" Sur la Classification et In Nomenclature Ci-iiniologiques
d'apr^s les Indices C^phaliques " (Eevue d'Anthro-
pologie, tome i. p. 385 : 1872).

252

ON THE CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS

cially as to whether it is greater or less. In the former case it
may be called hypsiceplialic, in the latter tapeinocephalic, though
these terms are generally reserved for extreme variations in
these directions.

Alveolar indices :

Orthognathous .... below 980

Mesognathous . . . . 980 to 1030

Prognathous above 1030

Nasal indices :

LeptorTiine below 480

MesorUne 480 to 530

Platyrhine above 530

Orbital indices :

Microseme below 840

Mesoseme 840 to 890

Megaseme above 890

It wiU be observed that in each case a range of -j-o^ is allowed
for the central series, the middle of which is assumed to be the
general average for the whole species. Beyond this limit the
two extremes may be considered to commence.

In the same way the cerebral capacities may be classed as

cub. centims.
Microcephalic . . . . below 1350
Mesocephalic .... 1350 to 1450
Megacephalic .... above 1450
1400 cubic centimetres being the assumed general average of
the whole species.

These artificial divisions, although convenient to assist the
memory, and to give some general idea of the position of any
index in relation to others, do not suffice for accurate com-
parisons. It is often necessary, for instance, to know of an
index in the middle series whether it tends to either extreme, or
of one in an outside series whether the deviation from the medium
fonn is moderate or excessive. For such purposes the numbers
must be used, as they express more truly the exact position held
by the index in the whole series.

AS CHARACTERISTIC OF RACE.

253

Moreover, though the averages are valuable as general indi-
cations of the prevailing characteristics of the groups, they alone
are not sufficient for the complete knowledge of these charac-
teristics, as without a further analysis of the individual indices
it is not possible to say whether there is much variation
among the different members of the group thus classed to-
gether or whether a considerable number come close to the
general average. In the former case it will be suspected that
the group is a compound one, derived from the crossing of
others, which, in this character at least, differed from one
another ; or at all events that this particular character is one
of comparatively little importance. In the latter case the
group may be assumed to be more pure, and the character in
question will become of value as one of its distinctive features ;
and the larger the number of characters presenting a small
tendency to variation, the more pure the race may be considered,
and the more capable of ready diagnosis by its physical structure.

It is obvious that such a method of analysis can only be
applied with success to a large series of individuals — larger than
most of those to be found in the present Catalogue ; but some
examples will suffice to show the kind of results to be obtained
from it.

In the first group (the inhabitants of Europe generally) it will
be seen, by a reference to the pages of the Catalogue, that
the indices of breadth, though giving an average of 787, and
thus placing it in the series of mesaticephalic races, vary greatly
in different individuals ; and of the whole number 43"7 per
cent, are brachycephalic, 39"4 mesaticephalic, and 16-9 dolicho-
cephalic. There are therefore actually more crania belonging
to the first category than to that to which the general average
belongs ; and probably but for the large proportion of short-
headed Southern Europeans which the collection happens to
contain, the numbers would be more equally distributed through
the three series. Hence no special form of cranium, as shown
by the latitudinal index, can be held as characteristic of this
group. In drawing distinctions, however, among its various
subdivisions, this index may become of importance ; but the
materials available in the collection are not sufficient to pursue
this branch of the subject further with advantage. In the

Capacity.

C5

§^

loll

(24)

MegacephaUc.

1492

(6)

Megacephalic.

1454

(13)

Megacephalic.

1313

(22)

Microcephalic.

1259

(5)

Microcephalic.

1473

(3)

Megacephalic.

1424

(16)

Mesocephalie.

I486

(6)

Megacephalic.

1473

(4)

Megacephalic.

1429

(16)

MesocepTuilic.

O

870

(208)

Mesoseme.

884

(33)

Mesoseme.

796

Jftcrosente.

862

(28)

Mesoseme.

874

(34)

Mesoseme.

853

(7)

Mesoseme.

881

(4)

Mesoseme.

899

(18)

Mesoseme.

925

(7)

Megaseme.

878

(4)

Mesoseme. \

882

(17)

Mesoseme.

—

470

(207) _

Leptorhine.

460

(33) _
Leptorhine.

<»

487

(25) _

Leptorhine.

502

(33) _

Mesorhine.

503

(5) ,

Mesorhine.

s

<»

GO £-r«;

r; I

.8

CO

482

(4)

MesorJiine.

497

(17) _
MesorJiine.

962

(184)

Orthognathous.

956

(31)

Orthognathous.

971

(6)

Orthognathous.

950

(22)

Orthognathous.

987

(29)

Mesognathous.

963

(6)

Orthognathous.

1031

(3)

Prognathous.

990

(17)

Mesognathous.

984

(7)

MesognatJious.

997

(4)

MesognatJious.

996

(13)

MesognatJtous.

Hi.

CO o

CO -H

Si

1 1 CO

731

(28)

°o c?

CO ^

O f
CO

CO S

w

787

(223)

MesaticephaUc.

762

(37)

MesaticephaUc.

«o e o

1

756

(30)

MesaticephaUc.

754

(34)

MesaticephaUc.

711

(7)

Dolichocephalic.

880

(5)

Dolichocephalic.

* ^

«

CO

. oj

826

(4)

BrachycepJialic.

806

(19)

BrachycepJia lie.

Mixed European (including English) . . . . ■

English alone (mostly of lowest class) . , . . -

Ancient Egyptians ■

Mixed inhabitants of Hindustan (chiefly j
Maravars and other low-caste natives) . . 1

Mongolians of Siberia and Central Asia . . ■

Mixed inhabitants of the Indo-Malayan ar-
chipelago, mostly Malays of various tribes "

as 1^

-+ a

B

i-l c

CO S 1^

00 -I

CO

a

05 ^

O 10, p

05
CD

00 Q

O -H

00 ^

05

00 I

00 ^ §

CD

r-t P

1^2 :

GO ^ I

05 ^ &5

00

CO S" ftj

CO a §^

I—I o

i

00 c- ftj

S5

J

O

§3

00 '-

fin

CO "-^ ^

10 ■

as

C5

10 - S

CD g

ITS --c^

1—1 "5 O

CO

«5 ^'P
10 -S^

CD

00 S *

O
O

S
o

CD "^3

o e g

o

CO

CO '

O :

S

O

O £ s
1— I

o

o

CO s? e
o - s

1.

o ^

(M 5;

o C

S
o

o

rH e

eo

00

o

"S

o

.10 '

CO o

10 s

00 2

1—1 U3

^9
It-""

^ ;

CD ^
I— I =0

C5 p

>o g

cq c

C5
CO

00

I— I 10 O

o

O

CO c?

CO 3

c:
Sh

o

CO ^ 2

o

rH -

^ CS

co-s.

CO ;

8

00 ^ a-

CD £, g
eo

I

O

IH

a,

bD
c3

60
fl

.S

o

" CO

M i

CO l-H

O 3

o a
o

-^■^
2 o

• «-<

o

a

o3 I

pi pi ®

to Cu S

o

^ et-i

o

a ID

.2 a

o ^
S-i
o

C CO

6C g

<1

c

C3
I— I

cl
ca
o

• i-H

a

a

a

CS
H

CO

CI

•n „

00

" « a

a o

,2 o

to tn

PS g
s 'o a

to n

C3

tn 03 O
f-l -IJ

^3

r-l I

o

H W3

<D

a

(0

f-l

0

a

o

tD
(»

O

a ^

to

« s

ea S

0

d

a

ca
d

tS3

ea

256

ON THE CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS

English, however, judging from the small series at present
available, brachycephaly is rare ; while among the Lapps, on
the other hand, it prevails almost exclusively.

If we turn to the facial, especially the alveolar and nasal,
indices of the Europeans, we shall find that they are far less
variable than those of the cranium. Of the specimens that
permitted measurement for these indices, 73*4 per cent, are
orthognathous, 20"1 mesognathous, and only 6'5 prognathous,
and 59*5 are leptorhine, 33'2 mesorhine, and only 7'3 platyrhine.
It is therefore clear that the latter classes are quite exceptional,
and that orthognathy and (though not quite to the same degree)
leptorhiny are strong characteristics of the races inhabiting the
European continent.

To take our next example from a very different group, the Aus-
tralian (of which race the collection contains a fairly representative
series) it will be seen that the average breadth-index is 710, placing
it low down in the dolichocephalic series; and the analysis of the
individuals perfectly accords with this position, as 96*5 per cent,
are dolichocephalic, only 3"5 mesaticephalic, and not one brachy-
cephalic. Hence the form of cranium, as shown by the latitudinal
index, is a very important characteristic of the Australian race.
Not less uniform and opposed to those of the European races
are the alveolar and nasal indices, 62*7 per cent, being progna-
thous, 29*5 mesognathous, and only 7*8 orthognathous ; 78
per cent, being platyrhine, 20 mesorhine, and 2 leptorhine.
The low orbital indices and small cranial capacities are also very
distinctive of this race.

The series of thirteen mountaineers of the Fiji Islands, judged
by this test, should belong to a remarkably pure race, as all are
strongly dolichocephalic (in not one is the index as high as 700),
all have the alveolar index exceeding 1000, all have the nasal
index exceeding 500, and, with only one exception, so high as to
be placed in the platyrhine division ; and they also show a great
uniformity in the orbital indices, that of the males scarcely
passing the boundaries on either side of the mesoseme division,
while the females are all megaseme. The number of the latter
sex, however, is too small for generalization.

AS CHARACTERISTIC OF RACK.

257

Without entering into further details, which can be obtained
by any one from an examination of the measurements given in
the Catalogue, the general result may be stated to be that the
prevailing characteristics of all the races placed first on the list
(including those of Europe, North Africa, and South-west Asia)
are a variable or moderate latitudinal index, a low alveolar index,
a low nasal index, a moderate orbital index, and a high cerebral
capacit}'. In other words, they are mesaticephalic, ortho-
gnathous, leptorhine, megaseme, and megacephalic.

The next group, or Mongoloid races, also vary much as to
latitudinal index, including the extremely brachycephalic
Siberian Mongols and Peruvians and the extremely dolicho-
cephalic Eskimo. They are rarely either truly orthognathous
or prognathous, though with a great tendency to the latter,
especially in the American branches. The nasal index is usually
low ; and the Eskimo are the most leptorhine of all known races.
The orbital index is usually high, and the cranial capacity
very variable.

In the Australian and the dark races with frizzly hair, doli-
chocephaly prevails almost universally, reaching its extreme in
certain Melanesians. These races are equally characterized by
prognathism, by the high nasal index (all the true platyrhine
races belonging to this group), and by moderate or small cranial
capacities. Xhe Negritos of the Indo-Malayan archipelago
(represented in the collection by the Andamanese) and, to a less
extent, the Bushmen of South Africa present certain exceptional
characters of great interest.

It may fairly be inferred from these examples of the results of
what is only an elementary and imperfect system of mensuration
applied to crania, that when pursued in greater detail, with more
ample materials and with more extended experience of what is
important and what only of secondary value, this method of in-
vestigation, so far fi-om being profitless, as some anthropologists
have assumed, will prove of the greatest value in determining
the nature and amount of the resemblances and diiferences
in the physical characters of the various groups into which
the human species is divided, and thereby in throwing light upon
their relations to one another, their history, and their origin.

T

TABLES FOU

Table I. —

150 1

151

152

— — -

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

115

767

702

757

752

747

742

737

732

72b

723

719

714

710

706

116

773

*- /C Q
700

763

758

753

748

744

739

734

730

725

720

716

712

117

775

770

765

760

755

750

745

741

730

73^

727

722

718

118

787

781

776

771

766

761

756

752

747

742

738

733

728

724

HQ

*7 n "2

788

778

7 7-?

768

7 i;8

/ 0"-'

7 C -J

7 53

7a8
74°

'7/1/1

739

7 "2 C

7o5

73°

120

boo

795

*. Q „
789

784

779

774

769

764

759

755

750

745

741

736

121

007

OOI

796

791

7bo

701

776

771

706

761

756

752

747

742

122

813

boo

Q « «

803

797

792

787

702

777

772

767

_ z' _

763

758

753

748

123

0 —

020

815

bog

004

799

794

788

783

778

774

769

764

759

755

194-

S27
0 ^ y

821

816

810

800

7 n C

/yj

1 no

781;

780

7 7 C
110

770

766

7UI

125

833

Q « 0

822

817

0 _
DI2

0 _ —

OOI

^ ^ c

796

791

b. 0
7bo

781

776

772

767

126

040

834

Q « ^
029

024

0^0
510

813

0 « Q

000

803

797

792

fe. 0 0

7bb

783

, 0

778

773

127

847

041

830

830

825

OI9

014

0 « «
009

bo4

799

794

789

784

779

128

853

040

b42

837

0 ™ T

831

0 «
020

021

815

010

80s

boo

795

790

785

12Q

860

Ska

8^.0

841

8^8

8^2

827

822

816

811

806

801

7 q6
/ y"

7 Q I

130

0 /C
067

boi

855

850

844

839

833

b2b

823

hio

813

bo7

b02

798

131

873

boo

0 < «
002

856

851

845

540

834

0 — «
029

024

019

014

0 «

bo9

0« A

bo4

132

000

874

0 < Q

863

857

852

040

041

835

830

0 « ^

825

b20

815

bio

133

007

ool

875

509

864

853

847

042

836

831

0 » /C
b20

0 « ,
021

8 T A

010

134

80^

887

882

876

870

Sco

848

8^8

8^2

827

822

135

900

894

Q Q Q
000

0 0 «

877

871

865

boo

854

849

844

Q «
839

833

8 ,^ 8
b2b

136

907

901

895

0 0
009

883

Q >-r

877

072

boo

bOI

855

050

845

040

8 o i
034

137

913

907

901

895

Q « ^
090

004

Q Q
070

Q 1
873

bo7

Q 1- A

050

851

Q a/Z
040

b40

lob

920

914

9OO

902

090

Q

090

0 Q p-
005

»79

873

000

8A t
0O3

857

052

047

139

02 7

02 I

014.

908

00

807

891

88-^

880

874

869

86^

8t;8
^ J

8;^

jO

140

933

927

921

915

909

9°3

897

Q ^
092

boo

88 T
ool

8>7 I-

075

8 >T ^

b7o

b04

8 rr\
059

141

940

934

926

922

910

910

904

090

Q /.I
b92

88 T
00 1

8*7 A

070

b70

0O5

142

947

940

934

920

922

916

910

904

b99

8r> -7
093

888
000

880
002

°77

8t T

b7i

•1 A O

14o

953

947

941

935

929

923

917

911

905

099

094

888
000

88-7
003

077

144

047
y-T /

OAI

yoj

Q2Q
y^y

02
y^o

QI7

oil

Q06

QOO
y

8Q4
^y T-

880

y

883

■i A K

145

967

960

954

948

942

935

929

924

910

912

906

901

^95

090

146

973

967

954

_ ^ 0

948

942

930

93°

924

91b

913

907

901

ar>/l
090

147

974

967

901

955

948

942

936

930

925

919

913

907

902

14o

987

900

974

967

901

955

949

943

937

931

925

919

914

900

149

087

980

y

968

961

yj J

OAQ
y'ry

yH-o

yo /

Q^I
yo

02 K

y J

920

QI4

150

1000

993

987

900

974

900

902

955

949

943

^18
93^

932

926

920

151

1007

rooo

993

« Q
987

0 T

901

974

« /C Q

900

902

950

95°

944

938

932

926

152

IOI3

1007

1000

993

987

981

974

^ Q
900

^/Z ^

902

956

95°

944

938

933

153

1020

1013

1007

1000

994

987

901

975

90b

962

956

95°

944

939

154

T "7 '7

1020

nn/1
994

087

yo/

981

07 C

q6q

yuy

y ^0

0^7

y J /

y J ^

yt J

ICR

loo

1033

1026

1020

1013

1000

1000

994

987

901

975

969

963

957

951

lob

1040

to33

1026

1020

IOI3

^ ^A
1000

1000

994

987

/->8 T

951

975

969

963

957

lo7

1047

1040

1033

1026

IOI9

IOI3

1006

1000

994

9»7

90 I

975

969

9"3

158

1053

1040

1039

1033

1020

IOI9

1013

1006

1000

994

^88
9bO

9b I

975

969

lo^

1000

1053

1040

1039

1032

1020

1019

IOI3

1006

1000

994

r.88
90b

r>8 T
90 I

975

160

1067

1000

1053

1040

1039

1032

1020

IOI9

IOI3

1006

1000

994

9bb

902

161

1073

1066

1059

1052

1045

1039

1032

1025

IOI9

IOI3

1006

1000

994

988

1 R9
10a

lOoO

1073

1066

1059

1052

1045

103b

1032

1025

1 0 1 9

T /"» T "7
1013

L UvJU

yy4

163

1087

1079

1072

1065

1058

1052

1045

1038

1032

1025

IOI9

IOI2

1006

1000

164

1093

1086

1079

1072

1065

1058

1051

1045

1038

I03I

1025

IOI9

1012

1006

165

1 100

1093

1086

1078

107 I

1065

1058

IO5I

1044

1038

IO3I

1025

1019

1012

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

CALCULATING INDICES.
Breadth and lleiglit Index.

176

177

653

650

115

659

655

116

665

661

117

670

007

11R

676

672

119

682

678

120

688

684

121

693

689

122

699

695

70c;

701
1

124

710

706

125

716

712

126

722

718

127

727

723

Lao

/ 00

720

129

739

734

130

744

740

131

750

746

132

75*^

751

761

7 57

134

767

763

135

773

768

136

778

774

137

784

700

loo

7oo

78q

139

795

791

140

801

797

141

807

802

142

813

oOo

818

814

144

824

819

145

830

825

146

835

831

147

041

030

847

842

149

852

847

150

858

853

151

864

859

152

009

Ql^ A

004

87;

870

154

881

876

155

886

881

156

892

887

157

898

893

158

898

J

159

909

904

160

915

161

920

915

162

926

921

163

932

927

164

938

932

165

176

177

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

115

701

697

693

689

685

680

676

673

669

665

661

657

116

707

703

699

695

690

686

682

678

674

67 1

667

663

117

713

709

705

701

696

692

688

684

680

676

672

669

llo

720

715

711

707

702

090

694

690

Ooo

002

070

674

119

720

721

7 17

111
1 '■0

708

700

696

692

688

684

680

120

732

727

723

719

714

7 10

706

702

698

694

690

686

121

738

733

729

725

720

716

712

708

703

699

695

691

122

744

739

735

731

726

722

718

713

709

70s

701

697

123

750

745

741

737

732

728

724

719

715

711

707

703

124

.1. Arc

75"

C T

75 ^

7/17

/ 4/

*1 A "2

1 43

7-28

1 1A

/o4

7 9 0

7 9 T

/ J 1

7 T 7

/ ^ 7

7 T •J

125

762

758

753

749

744

740

735

731

727

723

718

7M

126

768

764

759

754

750

746

741

737

733

728

724

720

127

774

770

765

760

756

751

747

743

738

734

730

726

128

780

776

771

766

762

757

753

749

744

740

736

731

707

78^>

111

768

7 "3

7 Cn

759

7 CA

754

7 cn
75"

7 ,t (S

1

7 7

130

793

7S8

783

778

774

769

-765

760

756

751

747

743

131

799

794

789

784

780

775

771

766

762

757

753

749

132

80s

800

795

790

786

781

776

772

767

763

759

754

133

811

000

801

796

792

w 0 ■_

787

782

778

773

C ^

769

764

700

817
0 1 /

812

807

802

708

788

784

770
/ /y

77 C

lib

770

766

135

823

818

813

808

804

799

794

789

785

780

776

771

136

829

824

819

814

810

805

800

795

791

786

782

777

137

835

830

825

820

81S

811

806

801

797

792

787

783

138

0 .

841

0 -1 ^
030

831

820

62 1

817

812

807

002

798

793

789

8a8

842

8^7

8^2

827

822

818

81^

808

80^

700

704

140

854

848

843

838

833

828

824

819

814

809

80s

800

141

860

855

849

844

839

834

829

82s

820

815

810

806

142

866

861

855

850

845

840

835

830

826

821

816

811

143

872

0 Z" _

867

801

850

851

040

041

836

^31

Q /> ^
027

022

8I7

14.4.
irxrx

070

"73

867

862

8t;7

8d7

842

8^7

8^2

828

823

145

884

879

873

868

863

858

853

848

843

838

833

829

146

890

885

880

874

869

864

859

854

849

844

839

834

147

896

891

886

880

875

870

86s

860

855

850

845

840

148

902

897

892

886

881

870

07 I

80S

oOO

055

8 r- T
05^

04^

909

on "2

y"3

898

892

887

882

876

871

866

861

856

851

150

915

909

904

898

893

888

882

877

872

867

862

857

151

92 1

915

910

904

899

893

888

883

878

873

868

863

152

927

921

916

910

905

899

894

889

884

879

874

809

153

933

927

922

910

911

9°5

900

°95

090

,88 /I
004

87n
079

874

939

nil
yoo

928

922

017

oil

y J. i

906

90 I

^y J

800

J

885

•J

880

155

945

939

934

928

923

917

912

906

901

896

891

886

0 _

156

951

946

940

934

929

923

918

912

907

902

897

891

157

957

952

946

940

935

929

924

918

9^3

908

902

897

158

963

958

952

946

940

935

929

924

919

913

908

9°3

97°

904

95°

952

94U

n/i T

yoo

0 zo
yo^

024.

010
J J

014

909

160

976

970

964

958

952

947

941

936

930

925

920

914

161

982

976

970

964

958

953

947

942

936

931

925

920

162

988

982

976

970

964

959

953

947

942

936

931

926

163

993

988

982

976

970

964

959

953

948

942

937

931

164

1000

994

988

982

976

970

965

959

953

948

943

937

165

1006

1000

994

988

982

976

971

965

959

954

948

943

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

176

TABLES FOR
Table T,

178

1

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

■ ■ 1
190

191

115

646

642

639

635

632

628

625

622

618

615

612

608

605

602

115

11 R
lit)

652

040

044

041

037

<^ A
034

630

627

624

620

A X >7
017

Ax .1
014

A X X

oil

607

11c

llD

1 1 1?
11/

054

650

040

643

639

A ^ A
030

632

629

A.1 A
020

022

619

A X A
OlO

A X .7
OI3

1 1 »7

117

11 Q
110

659

050

052

040

645

A Q
038

A -1 J
634

O3I

A«a
028

A... A

024

A/^ X
021

A X a
O18

110
ilo

11Q

iiy

009

001

057

054

050

647

643

A^ «
040

A T A
O3O

r _ ^

033

030

A.7 A
O2O

623

11 n

iiy

120

674

670

667

663

659

656

652

649

645

642

638

635

632

628

120

1 01

1«1

OoO

070

672

009

005

00 I

65b

F- <

054

051

A J »7

647

644

040

637

A .7 ^
634

1 01
141

1 09
144

A80
002

070,

674

670

007

A A 1
OO3

659

A r- A
050

652

649

A A
040

642

639

1 99

10Q

691

007

O63

OoO

070

67 2

AAa

006

A A H
005

A A T
00 I

A r- a
058

054

A r< X
051

A .1 »7

047

A A
O44

1 9*}

1 OA.

697

693

009

Aa 1-
085

Aa T

06 I

At a

076

674

670

AA'7
007

AA ->
003

A A-.^
000

Ar A
050

653

649

1 9A
144

125

702

698

694

691

687

683

679

676

672

668

665

661

658

654

125

19R
laO

700

704

Ar,A
090

009

AC 1-
065

Aa T

081

677

674

670

A A>7
007

AA 1
OO3

AA^
000

1 9R
14D

197

713

709

7 OU

702

OQO

694

690

A8A
001)

A8 T
003

079

A>7 A
070

A *7 0

AAa

006

AA r

005

197
14/

128

719

•7 T C

715

T T

711

707

7°3

699

u uu

692

uoo

UO4

u 0 1

077

A ^7 >l

074

198

XaO

725

721

717

713

709

705

^ 0 T

701

097

694

uou

063

A T r\

079

075

12Q

130

730

726

722

718

714

710

707

703

699

695

691

688

684

681

130

1 "^i

736

732

M 0 a
720

724

720

716

712

T^a
706

704

701

697

693

Aa^^
069

A8A
060

1 91

lOX

742

737

733

729

725

721

^ T T

717

*1 T A
714

710

702

fin8
U90

095

691

192

XOA

1^^

747

743

739

735

731

727

723

719

715

711

707

704

700

090

1 99
XOO

753

749

744

740

736

732

•708
720

724

720

717

713

709

7°5

702

194-
xo%

135

758

755

750

746

742

738

734

730

726

722

718

714

711

707

135

704

y 00

75°

751

747

743

739

735

731

ry H

727

723

720

716

712

19fi
xoo

770

705

701

757

753

749

745

741

737

733

729

*7 0 r*

725

721

*T T T

717

197

XO f

19R

775

771

767

762

>7 1-8

75^

754

75°

746

742

T -78

73^

734

73°

726

723

19R
xoo

1 9Q

761

777

772

706

764

760

755

751

747

743

739

735

732

T08
720

19Q

140

787

782

778

773

769

765

761

757

753

749

745

741

737

733

140

14.1

792

188
7 00

>T 8 0

703

779

775

77°

-7 AA
700

762

>7 r-a

758

754

75°

740

742

>7 -78
730

14.1
xtx

14.9

790

793

^ 8/^

7»9

•781-
7^^5

>T 8/^

760

776

772

>7 Aa
706

763

759

755

751

747

M A ^

743

14.9
x%^

14.9

003

799

794

79°

76O

761

777

773

769

765

761

757

753

749

14.9
x^o

14.4.

OO9

80^
004

oOO

796

791

767

»-r Q 0

703

778

774

77°

M AA
700

>T A 0

»7 r-a
750

754

14.4.

X7%

145

815

810

806

801

797

792

788

784

780

775

771

767

763

759

145

14.R
x^o

020

8 T A

0 1 0

a T T

oil

807

802

798

793

789

« 8 r-
785

>7 a r

781

777

772

>7 Aa
706

764

14.7
x*/

020

80 T

o2 I

817

a T 0

612

8O6

a/^ -7

603

799

795

79°

700

762

776

774

77°

14.7

X*/

14.R
x^o

8-) T

031

8^ '7

027

8/.* ^
62 2

a T a
818

a T 1
^13

809

8^ A

804

a^^
800

796

791

^1 a n
787

>7 8

703

779

775

x^o

14.Q

037

032

808
820

a ^ 0
823

6I9

Bt a

614

6IO

a,-, r-

805

601

797

793

7 66

>78 .4

784

7 60

14Q

150

843

838

833

829

824

820

815

811

806

802

798

794

789

785

150

1 *ii
xox

040

844

^39

a 0 ^
034

830

80 r-
825

80 T

■821

8tA
610

8x0

812

6O7

8r\ '»
803

799

795

791

1*51

054

849

a . ^
844

a An
840

a 0 r-

835

a -7 7
^^31

a n A
820

a r» r»

622

8 X >7

817

8x1
OI3

6O9

8r^ A
004

a^^
600

1 *i9
XOO

oOO

8 r- r
055

850

^45

a ^ X
841

a 1 A
83O

a -7 n
832

627

823

616

<It A

6 14

6IO

605

arM
60 I

1*>9

Lot

8^ r-

8A^
oOO

850

851

8 ^ A

840

a ^ 0
842

a -7 >7
837

832

a ... 8
828

8-7 A
624

a X
819

8x r-
015

a X X

611

8/^A
600

I'll

155

871

866

861

856

852

847

842

838

833

829

824

820

816

812

4 If If

155

1 ^R
XOD

8-7 A

070

Q ^ ^
572

007

002

857

852

040

^43

839

034

830

8.> r-
625

80 X

62 I

8x >7

6 1 7

1 f^R

xou

1 'i7

xu i

oo2

Q ^

877

a ,..
672

007

803

858

853

849

844

840

a 1 r-

835

a 0 X
^31

8.7A
620

8.7 0

62 2

1 '»7

XO #

xoo

888
000

881
003

a >7 a
878

Q >-, >^

873

Q< 0
000

863

Q F-

859

a r- ^

^54

a ^ ^
849

8 r
045

840

a^A
630

832

80 >T
627

1»>8

Xi/w

1 'iQ

8m
^^93

aaa
000

a a
003

a ^ 0
870

874

009

QA J
8O4

859

855

850

a .1 A
840

a .1 X
641

a ... ^7
037

800
632

Xw«7

160

899

894

889

884

879

874

870

865

860

856

851

847

842

838

160

Ifil

XQX

904

009

894

0

090

00,-
005

080

875
880

870

a AA
800

aA X

60 1

a r- A

650

852

8 ^ «7

847

043

Ifil

xux

162

910

905

900

895

890

885

876

871

866

862

857

853

848

162

163

916

911

906

00 T

896

891

886

881

876

872

867

862

858

853

163

164

92 I

916

911

906

901

896

891

886

882

877

872

868

863

859

164

165

927

922

917

912

907

902

897

892

887

882

878

873

868

864

165

178

179

180

181

182

103

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

CALCULATING INDICES.

{continued).

192

193

194

195

1

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

599

590

593

5°7

5"4

501

570

575

572

569

567

564

561

115

11 fi

110

601

59°

595

592

5^9

pSfi

500

5^3

500

577

574

571

569

566

116

iiT
11/

609

000

603

600

597

594

591

50i5

r- fi r-
505

r- 0 «

582

579

576

574

571

117

118

611

608

6015

■J

602

^ J J

^06

loo

=;87

5°i

578

570

11 0

119

620

617

613

6 10

607

604

601

598

595

592

589

586

119

1 on

025

0 2 2

0 I Q

012

,

009

603

600

597

594

591

588

585

120

1 91

630

02 y

o_4

^ 0 T

017

614

fin
Oil

u uo

605

602

599

596

593

59°

121

199
Iaa

035

632

6^6

n 0 0
K) ^ Z

619

U 1 u

013

610

607

604

601

598

595

122

123

641

6x1
0 1

6-54

631

628

624

62 1

618

615

J

612

609

606

603

600

109

124

646

642

639

636

633

629

626

623

620

617

614

611

608

601;

124

19*;

fx A A

044

U4 A

fi?8
030

Air*

"35

031

698

(J z 0

025

022

019

616

613

610

125

19R

i«o

053

649

U40

643

OjO

"33

630

627

024

021

618

615

126

197

1<5 1

001

050

055

051

04VJ

fi .1 T

041

030

035

632

r „

029

626

623

620

127

128

667

660

656

6^3

6c;o

646

643

640

637
01

6 "2 T

\J £, i

U Z/f.

19R

129

672

668

665

662

658

655

652

648

645

642

639

635

632

620
✓

129

loU

077

674

ri^^7

003

000

fic7
057

fi r* -7
053

fi C'(-\

050

047

644

040

637

634

130

lOl

679

075

fi *7 0

DUO

005

f\f\r>

\J\} ^

(J s 0

"55

652

649

645

642

639

131

1^9

IOa

uoo

004

fi *7 T

077

fi "7
073

U J U

667

\J\J 1

66^

\J\J\J

"57

653

650

647

644

132

133

603

689

686

682

679

675

672

668

66s

662

658

"J J

652

6ao

133

134

698

694

691

687

684

680

677

673

670

667

663

660

657

654

134

099

6n6

fin*?
u y ^

005

682

678

fi 7 c
"75

^ ^ 0
07^

000

""5

002

fi ^«
059

i OK

loo

lOU

705

*7n T

687

68?

680

"77

673

670

007

003

1

loo

lO i

*7 T /I

714

710

7 n ■?

099

fine

"95

«j y ^

688

681;

uo^

070

675

072

fifiQ
000

lo7

138

710

711

708

704

701

697

693

690

687

683

V W J

680

676

67'?

V' / 0

138

139

724

720

716

713

709

706

702

698

695

692

688

685

681

678

139

l^W

729

>T 0 r*

725

*7 0 0

722

7t8
710

714

'T T T
711

7n7
707

704

/ \J\J

"97

"93

090

000

fie
"83

■tAt\

14.1
1^1

734

731

/■^3

719

710

71^

7nn
/uy

7°5

701

090

695

691

fi88
UOO

1 A1
141

14.9

740

730

732

7'>8
/ z 0

724

721

T 7
717

7 T
714

'J T 0

710

r\f\

7°3

700

090

693

1 A9

143

745

741

7^7

733

730

726

722

719

715

711

708

704

701

698

143

144

750

746

742

738

735

731

727

724

720

716

713

709

706

702

144

14. >;

755

751

747

744

740

73°

^7 0

732

*T 0 r\

729

*7 1 C*

7^5

721

718

714

711

707

140

14.R

7 60

756

753

749

745

741

737

734

16°

^7 0 A

J 20

723

719

710

712

1 AR
140

700

762

75^

754

750

'7 /I ^

740

742

739

7 -7 e ■
735

^ 'y T

731

>T 0 8
720

724

721

717

147

148

771

767
1^1

763
10

759

747

744

740

736

733

720

1 y

72=;

722

148

149

776

772

768

764

760

756

753

749

745

741

738

734

73°

727

149

lOU

7»i

777

773

709

705

761

75"^

754

75°

74"

743

739

735

732

1 (i1
101

700

702

778

774

770

700

763

759

r* r*

755

751

►7 ,18

74»

744

740

^ ^

737

1 K{

1 t^O

792

Q Q
750

784

779

770

772

7 oo

704

7 00

756

752

749

745

lA'-

1 *i9

153

780

78c;

781

777
III

7 7^
110

760
1 y

76c;

761

7 1;7
1 J 1

7 tJO

746

153

154

802

798

794

790

786

782

778

774

770

766

762

759

755

751

154

"ICC

loo

007

803

799

795

791

787

703

H >7 y-t

779

H 1-1 r*

775

771

7"7

764

760

75"

XOiJ

lob

813

0 _ 0

808

004

000

796

792

7 oO

704

'7Rn
7 OU

77"

772

7fi8

7 uo

7"5

^7 A T
701

•f erf

157

0 0

810

813

009

805

797

793

7»9

7°5

7»i

777

773

77°

^ U\J

xo 1

109

823

819

0 * M

814

OIO

000

002

796

794

79°

7 oO

m8o
702

>7>78
770

^7 *7 F*

775

771

159

828

824

820

815

811

807

803

799

795

791

787

783

779

776

159

160

833

829

825

821

816

812

808

804

800

796

792

788

784

780

160

161

839

834

830

826

821

817

813

809

805

801

797

793

789

785

161

162

844

839

835

831

827

822

818

814

810

806

802

798

794

790

162

163

849

845

840

836

832

827

823

819

815

811

807

803

799

795

163

164

854

850

845

841

837

832

828

824

820

816

812

808

S04

800

164

165

859

855

851

846

842

838

833

829

825

821

817

813

809

805

165

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

TABLES FOR

Table IL— For calculating Nasal

oo

?4
0%

OD

0/

00

Oo

'±\J

4.1

to

»4

46

C T A

^00

486

A7/1

462

4Z9

419

409

400

391

19

576

559

543

528

514

500

487

475

463

452

442

432

4.22

4 '3 f

20

606

588

571

556

54°

526

513

500

488

476

465

455

444

435

21

636

618

600

568

553

53°

5

(^.o 0

477

467

457

22

667

0^/

6z ^

611

595

504

55°

537

524

512

489

478

fin"?

676

639

622>

60 ^

c fin

59°

r 7 f

575

501

548

535

5*3

5' I

500

24

7Z7

706

686

667

649

632

615

600

585

571

558

545

J J J

25

735

714

694

676

658

641

625

610

595

581

568

555

543

2R

788

76 c

7A7

722

TOT

684

666

U 'jU

034

019

,

005

59'

57»

565

27

818

771

7 CO

/ 5'-'

7 I n

692

D75

659

"43

614

600

587

848

824

800

780

7 C 7

/ 3 /

7 "3 7

' 3 /

718
/ 1 0

700

683

667

051

636

29

879

853

829

806

784

763

744

725

707

690

674

659

644

610
J

30

909

882

857

833

811

789

769

750

732

714

698

682

667

652

31

912

886

861

838

816

70 c
/ ys

77 c

7 c6

7^8

73°

TJ T
/i 1

70 c

705

u 0 y

"74

^2

y/u

OAT

0 T /t

889

865

842

820

800

780

762

744

727

7 ' I

D90

J 000

07 1

y^-i

017

y ' /

892

868

846

805

786

767

75"

733

1^1

34

1030

J 000

971

944

919

895

872

850

829

810

791

773

756

739

35

1061

1029

1000

972

946

921

89.7

875

854

833

8.4

795

778

761

36

100 I

y

1059

I02Q

1000

973

947

923

900

878

857

8'?7

818

800

787

37

1 121

1088

1057

1028

1000

974

949

92s

902

881

860

840

822

804

38

1 1 52

1118

1086

1056

1027

1000

974

950

927

90s

884

864

844

826

39

I182

1 147

11 14

1083

1054

J026

TOCO

975

951

929

907

886

867

848

40

I2I2

1176

1 143

im

1081

1053

1026

1000

976

952

930

909

889

870

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

Table III. — For calculatinar

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

86

ICOO

989

977

966

956

945

933

925

915

905

896

887

878

867

87

IOI2

1000

989

978

967

956

946

• 935

926

916

906

896

888

879

88

1023

101 1

1000

989

978

967

957

946

936

926

917

907

898

889

89

1035

1023

101 1

1000

989

978

967

957

947

937

927

918

908

899

90

1047

1034

1023

101 1

1000

989

978

968

957

947

938

928

918

909

91

TO58

1046

1034

1022

lOI I

1000

989

978

968

958

948

938

929

919

92

1070

1057

104s

1034

1022

101 1

1000

989

979

968

958

948

939

929

93

1081

1069

1057

104s

1033

1022

lOII

1000

989

979

969

959

949

939

94

1093

1080

1068

1056

1044

1033

1022

101 1

1000

989

979

969

959

949

95

II05

1092

1080

1067

ios6

1044

1033

1022

1011

lOQO

990

979

969

960

96

II16

1103

logi

1079

1067

loss

1043

1032

1021

101 1

1000

990

980

970

97

1 128

HIS

1 102

1090

1078

1066

10S4

i°43

1032

I021

1010

1000

990

980

98

1 140

1126

1114

1 101

1089

1077

io6s

1054

1043

1032

1021

1010

1000

99°

99

II5I

1138

1125

1112

1 100

1088

1076

106s

1053

1042

1031

1021

lOIO

1000

100

II63

1149

1136

1124

iiii

1099

1087

107s

1064

1053

1042

1031

1020

1010

101

1174

1161

1 148

113s

1 122

11 10

1098

1086

1074

1063

10S2

1041

103 1

1020

102

1186

1172

1159

1 146

1133

1121

1 109

1097

108s

1074

1063

1052

1041

1030

103

II98

1184

1170

1157

1144

1132

1 120

1108

1096

1084

1073

1062

1051

1040

104

1209

1195

1182

1 1 69

1156

1143

1130

1118

1 106

109s

1083

1072

1061

1051

105

1221

1207

1193

1180

1167

1154

1 141

1129

1117

iios

1094

1082

1071

1061

106

1233

1218

1205

1 ig 1

1178

1 i6s

11S2

1 140

1128

1116

1 104

1093

1082

1071

107

1244

1230

1216

1202

1189

1176

1163

usi

1138

1 126

1 1 14

1103

1092

1081

108

1256

1241

1227

1213

1200

1187

1174

1 161

1149

1137

I I2S

1113

1 102

1091

109

1267

1253

1239

I22S

121 1

1 198

ii8s

1172

1 160

1 147

"35

1 124

1112

HOI

110

1279

1264

1250

1236

1222

1209

1196

1183

1170

1158

1 146

1134

I 122

nil

111

I29I

1276

1261

1247

1233

1220

1207

1194

1181

1168

iiS6

1 144

II33

1121

112

1302

12S7

1273

i2S8

1244

1231

1217

1204

1 igl

1179

1 167

1155

1143

1131

113

I314

1299

1284

1270

1256

1242

1228

1215

1202

1189

1 177

1 i6s

"53

1 141

114

1326

1310

1295

1281

1267

1253

"39

1226

12x3

1200

1188

1175

1163

1 1 52

115

1327

1322

1307

1292

1278

1364

1250

1237

1223

121 1

1198

1186

1173

1 162

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

CALCULATING INDICES.

and Orbital Indices.

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

<)<)

383

375

367

360

353

346

34°

333

327

321

315

310

305

300

18

404

396

388

380

373

365

358

352

345

339

333

328

322

317

19

r

420

417

408

400

392

386

377

370

364

357

351

345

339

333

20

447

438

420

420

412

404

396

389

382

368

362

35"

35°

21

468

458

449

440

431

4^3

4'5

407

400

393

386

379

373

367

22

48 9

479

469

4CO

451

442

434

426

418

411

403

396

390

383

23

Sii

500

49°

480

471

460

453

444

436

428

421

414

407

400

24

531

521

510

500

490

482

472

463

455

446

438

431

424

4' 7

25

553

542

531

520

510

500

491

481

473

464

4.c;6

448

433

26

57+

563

551

540

529

5«9

509

500

491

482

474

465

458

45°

27

596

583

571

560

549

535

528

518

•509

500

491

483

475

467

28

617

604

592

580

569

558

547

537

517

518

509

500

492

483

29

638

625

612

600

588

577

566

556

545

536

526

517

508

500

30

660

646

633

620

608

506

585

'174

^64

J 3 J

CIA.

C27

c I 7

31

681

667

65,

640

627

6.5

604

591

582

571

561

55»

544

533

32

702

688

673

660

647

635

623

6ii

600

589

579

569

559

55°

33

723

708

694

6S0

667

654

642

630

618

607

596

586

576

567

34

745

729

714

700

673

660

U40

U 7U

625

fir /I
014

603

593

_ 0 ^

583

35

766

750

735

720

706

692

679

667

654

643

632

621

610

k 600

36

787

771

755

740

723

712

698

685

673

661

649

638

627

617

37

808

792

776

760

745

731

7J7

704

691

6S0

667

655

644

633

38

830

813

796

780

765

750

736

722

710

696

684

672

661

650

39

851

833

816

800

784

■ 769

755

741

727

714

702

690

678

667

40

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

, 57

58

59

60

Alveolar Indices.

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

860

851

843

835

827

819

811

804

796

789

782

775

768

761

86

870

861

853

84s

837

829

821

813

805

798

791

784

777

770

87

880

871

863

854

846

838

830

822

815

807

800

793

786

779

88

890

881

873

864

856

848

840

832

824

817

809

802

795

788

89

900

891

882

874

865

857

849

841

833

826

8i8

811

804

796

90

910

901

892

883

875

867

858

850

843

83s

827

820

813

805

91

920

911

902

893

885

876

868

860

852

844

836

829

821

814

92

930

921

912

903

894

886

877

869

861

853

845

838

830

823

93

940

931

922

913

904

89s

887

879

870

862

855

847

839

832

94

95°

941

931

922

913

905

896

888

880

872

864

856

848

841

95

960

95°

941

932

923

914

906

897

889

881

873

865

857

850

96

970

960

951

942

933

924

9'5

907

898

890

882

874

866

858

97

980

970

961

951

942

933

925

916

907

899

891

883

875

867

98

990

980

971

961

952

943

934

925

917

908

900

892

884

876

99

1000

990

980

971

962

952

943

935

926

917

909

901

893

885

100

lOIO

1000

990

981

971

962

953

944

935

927

918

910

902

894

101

1020

lOIO

1000

990

981

971

962

953

944

936

927

919

911

903

102

1030

1020

lOIO

1000

990

9S1

972

963

954

945

936

928

920

912

103

1040

1030

1020

lOIO

1000

99°

981

972

963

954

945

937

929

920

104

1050

1040

1029

1019

1010

1000

991

981

972

963

955

946

938

929

105

1060

1050

1039

1029

1019

lOIO

1000

991

981

972

964

955

946

938

106

1070

1059

1049

1039

1029

1019

1009

1000

991

982

973

964

955

947

107

1080

1069

1059

1049

1038

1029

1019

1009

1000

991

982

97 3

964

956

108

1090

1079

1069

1058

1048

1038

1028

1019

1009

1000

991

982

973

965

109

I 100

1089

1078

1068

1058

1048

1038

1028

1019

1009

1000

991

982

973

110

1 1 10

1099

1088

1078

1067

1057

1047

1037

1028

1018

1009

1000

991

982

111

1 1 20

1 109

1098

1087

1077

1067

1057

1047

1037

1028

1018

1009

1000

991

112

1 1 30

1 1 19

1 108

1097

1087

1076

1066

1056

1046

1037

1027

1018

1009

1000

113

1 140

II29

III8

1 1 07

1096

1086

1075

1065

1056

1046

1036

1027

1018

1009

114

1 1 50

II39

1 127

III7

1 106

1095

1085

1075

1065

1055

1045

1036

1027

1018

115

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.